Internet

1
Internet

• 8th Grade Technology
• January 2006

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What is Internet?

• It is a global collection of networks, both big
  and small.
• These networks connect together in many different
  ways form the single entity that we know as the
  Internet.
• The very name comes from this idea of
  INTERconnected NETworks.

3
Internet History

• In the late 1960s the American computer scientist
  Robert E. Taylor at the Advanced Research
  Projects Agency (ARPA), later called the Defense
  Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), of the
  U.S. Department of Defense began to look for ways
  to connect the different technologies of
  COMPUTER, networks.
• Led by the American networking pioneer Leonard
  Kleinrock, DARPA sponsored an experiment in 1969,
  based on the packet-switching principles he had
  developed, in which computers at the University
  of California campuses at Los Angeles and Santa
  Barbara, the University of Utah, and Stanford
  Research International (a nonprofit scientific
  research institute) successfully communicated
  with each other.
• Thus began ARPANET, the first internetwork, or
  system of interconnected networks.
• In 1972, ARPANET was expanded from 4 to 50
  networks, connecting universities and research
  organizations with specialized military networks.

4
Internet History

• In the late 1970s, UNIX to UNIX CoPy (UUCP), a
  communications network based on the UNIX
  operating system, and Users Network (USENET),
  serving the academic community and, later,
  commercial organizations. More structured
  networks, such as the Computer Science Network
  (CSNET) and Because It's Time (BITNET), provided
  nationwide networking to universities and
  research centers.
• In the early 1980s ARPANET split into two
  networks, ARPANET and Milnet (an unclassified
  military network), the two networks were still
  interconnected. Access to ARPANET was originally
  restricted to the military, defense contractors,
  and institutions doing defense research.
• By 1986, ARPANET had links to all major
  universities and research facilities, and
  satellite links to several international
  locations.
• That year, the National Science Foundation (NSF)
  created a network, NSFNET, to connect
  SUPERCOMPUTER, sites around the U.S., as well as
  research institutes and schools located near the
  supercomputers.

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Internet History

• NSFNET had entirely replaced ARPANET, which was
  officially dismantled in 1990.
• NSFNET became the central network, or backbone,
  of the Internet in the U.S.
• In 1991, then U.S. Senator Al Gore proposed
  expanding the architecture of NSFNET to form the
  National Research and Education Network, the
  so-called Information Superhighway, which would
  include more elementary and high schools and
  community colleges.
• The resulting High Performance Computing Act also
  allowed business networks to connect to the
  Internet for commercial uses, causing an
  explosion in its growth.
• NSFNET was discontinued in 1995 and by the end of
  1996 large commercial networks had taken over as
  the high-speed central networks of the Internet.

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Who is the owner of Internet?

• Nobody owns the Internet, but it doesn't mean it
  is not monitored and maintained in different
  ways.
• The Internet Society, a non-profit group
  established in 1992, oversees the formation of
  the policies and protocols that define how we use
  and interact with the Internet.

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How Internet works?
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How Internet Works?

• TCP/IP
• IP Address
• ISP
• Domain Name

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TCP/IP

• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
  (TCP/IP)
• Protocols are rules or standards, that allow
  unlike computers communicate with other computers
  on Internet.
• Developed by the American computer scientists and
  Internet pioneers Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E.
  Kahn at Stanford University.
• In 1974 they were announced as a common, or open,
  standard that is, they are not proprietary, or
  exclusive, to any one manufacturer.

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TCP/IP

• It has been the Internet protocol since 1983.
• When you send information over the Internet, the
  TCP/IP prepares the data to be sent and received.
  
• The information is configured so that different
  networks can exchanged information with
  one-another.

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TCP/IP

• TCP initiates the transmission of a data file and
  connects to the destination address to ensure
  end-to-end transmission.
• IP then breaks the file into packets of
  information--small enough to travel over the
  network.
• Each packet is coded with the data's correct
  sequence in the complete file, as well as with
  the binary addresses of the sending and receiving
  computers.
• To maximize transmission speed, TCP/IP permits
  each packet to travel independently over many
  different networks to the receiving computer.
• The flow of packets across the Internet is
  directed by computer equipment called routers.
• Each router contains software that reads a
  packet's IP address, checks the information, and
  sends the packet along cables or other media
  equipment on the most efficient path to the next
  router.

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TCP/IP

• The packet-switching process is repeated until
  the packet reaches its final destination.
• Along the way, packets may pass through gateways,
  which are internetworking devices that translate
  protocols between unlike networks and allow
  TCP/IP packets to pass through any system on the
  route.
• After all the packets arrive at the receiving
  computer, IP reads the sequence code and
  reassembles the data into the order of the
  original file.
• TCP controls the transmission by verifying the
  sequence and retransmitting a packet if
  necessary.
• TCP/IP is invisible to the user, and the entire
  send/receive/verify process takes less than a
  second to complete.

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IP Address

• For the system to work, every location (machine,
  router, name server, hosting account, etc.) on
  the internet must have a unique IP address (a set
  of numbers like 216.27.61.137 or
  11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001).
• The IP address function just like street
  addresses for the internet.
• These addresses represent the exact location of a
  particular site on the internet, and serve to
  guide any other user to that location.

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IP Address

• It is impractical to ask people to remember the
  number however, the domain name is associated
  with this particular IP address and is easy to
  remember.
• When a user types the domain name into a web
  browser, the internet Servers (large computers at
  the Internet Service Provider (ISP) of the user)
  serve as translators.
• The name servers look up the domain name and
  resolves it into the IP address which it refers
  to.
• The system is designed so that the user does not
  even notice that the translation occurs.

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Local ISP in Tampico

• Telmex
• Prodigy 33 kbps or more
• Infinitum 256 kbps, 512 kbps or 2 mbps
• Terra
• Premium for unlimited time
• Pre-pago for 750 minutes
• AOL
• Interxcable

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Domain Name

• When you use the Web or send an e-mail message,
  you use a domain name to do it.
• For example, the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
  "http//www.howstuffworks.com" contains the
  domain name howstuffworks.com.
• Every time you use a domain name, you use the
  Internet's DNS servers to translate the
  human-readable domain name into the
  machine-readable IP address.

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DNS

• The domain name and its associated IP address are
  first listed on the hosting organizations Domain
  Name Server (DNS).
• Then this information is propagated over the
  course of a few days until the domain name is
  listed in EVERY name server.
• The way this operates is similar to having your
  name and corresponding phone number listed in
  every phonebook in the world.

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Most Familiar Domains

• com commercial organization, business, or
  company
• edu  educational institution
• int international organization
• gov  nonmilitary government organization
• mil       military organization
• net       network administration
• org       other nonprofit, nonacademic,
                  nongovernmental organization

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Bibliography

• Internet Society. "A Brief History of the
  Internet and Related Networks." Internet Society.
  2005. http//www.isoc.org/internet/history/cerf.sh
  tml (27 Nov. 2005).
• Rhonda Davila. "History and Development of the
  Internet." San Antonio Public Library. 2000.
  http//www.sat.lib.tx.us/Displays/itintro.htm (27
  Nov. 2005).
• OPB Learning Media. Timeline." Nerds 2.0.1.
  1998. http//www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/timeline/
  (27 Nov. 2005).