Meteorology 5

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Meteorology 5
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• SURFACE and UPPER CHART comparison
• JET STREAM
• METAR
• TIME ZONES
• WINDS, VISIBILITY WEATHER
• OBSCURATION SKY CONDITION
• FDs, SIGMET, PIREP
• GFA or Area Forecast

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Surface Chart / note fronts isobars
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STANDARD PRESSURE SURFACES

• 850 mb 5000 feet asl
• 700 10000
• 500 18000
• 400 24000
• 300 30000
• 250 34000
• 200 40000
• 150 45000
• 100 53000

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Upper chart/ note no fronts. Also, Isobars are
replaced by contour lines STEEP PRESSURE GRADIENT
GIVES HIGHER WIND SPEEDS
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JET STREAM
Pg 12-11
Pg 12-13
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Low Level Nocturnal Jet
Pg 11-13
40 KNOTS
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METAR

• METAR CYVR 222200Z CCA 18018G35 1SM R24/5000FT/D
  SN BLSN
• BKN010 OVC050 M05/M11 A2992 REFZDZ WS RWY24 RMK
  SF6SC2
• VIS ½ TO W SLP122

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TIME ZONES

• DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WOULD BE ONE HOUR LESS
• SPRING FORWARD AND FALL BACK
• INVENTED BY A CANADIAN

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WIND AND GUST GROUP

• WIND DIRECTION VARIATION is coded into remarks
  if
• 60O OR MORE AND 3 KNOTS OR MORE OF WIND FOR LAST
  2 MINUTES ie. 240V320
• A VARIATION OVER THE LAST 10 MINUTES PRIOR TO THE
  OBSERVATION WOULD BE REPORTED PROVIDED 60O AND 3
  KNOTS OR MORE

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Changing Winds

• GUST - 5K higher than 2 minute average
• Highest peak must be at least 15 k
• SQUALL - 15K higher than 2 minute mean average
• I minute mean of at least 20 k
• After max must decrease by 5 k
• SHIFT - 45O change or more
• Change in less than 15 minutes
• Average at end of wind shift at least 10 k

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Wind Gust
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VISIBILITY
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FLIGHT VIS vs GROUND VIS
FLIGHT often worse vis thanGROUND
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PRESENT WEATHER
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PRESENT WEATHER
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PRESENT WEATHER
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OBSCURING PHENOMENA
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VC 5 statute miles
REPORTED REGARDLESS
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SKY CONDITION
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REMARKS
Pressure tendency usually in remarks.
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SKY CONDITION

• Clear SKC 0/8
• Few FEW trace, 1/8 to 2/8
• Scattered SCT 3/8 to 4/8
• Broken BKN 5/8 to 7/8
• Overcast OVC 8/8

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CEILING

• Broken BKN 5/8 to 7/8
• Overcast OVC 8/8

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TORONTO BUTTONVILLE

• METAR CYKZ 251700Z 03008KT 10SM BKN050 OVC250
  M08/M15 A2982 RMK SC6CI2 SLP114
• METAR CYKZ 251800Z 35009KT 9SM BKN050 OVC240
  M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC5CI3 SLP095
• METAR CYKZ 251900Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240
  M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC5CI2 SLP095
• TAF CYKZ 251630Z 251705 05005KT P6SM SCT025
  BKN250 TEMPO 1719 5SM HZ BKN020 BECMG 1921
  35012KT FM0300Z 35015G25KT P6SM SCT025 BKN120
  TEMPO 0305 BKN025RMK NXT FCST BY 23Z

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Change Terms

• PROB is only used for 30 or 40 probability.

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FDs - low level

• FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE
  17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000
  18000
• YAM 0117 3613-19 9900-21 9900-26 2408-35
• note the backing winds in the
  descent over Ottawa
• YOW 0720 0814-13 1109-12 1614-15 1934-22
• YQG 3309 3109-14 2707-16 2313-20 2232-28
• YVV 0606 0305-15 9900-17 2016-20 2039-28
• YYB 0406 9900-16 2009-17 2020-20 2043-28
• YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 1927-25

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ACTUAL LAPSE RATE

• METAR CYKZ 251900Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240
  M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095
• FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE
  17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000
• YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17

6000 -13 650 -08 Lapse is roughly
1o/1,000 ft
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SIGMET
Significant Meteorological Report

• WSCN31 CWTO 250430
• SIGMET A1 VALID 250430/250830
• LN TSTMS 30NM WIDE MAX TOPS 400 OBSRVD AT 0400Z
  FROM
• LONDON-TORONTO-PETERBOROUGH. LN MOVG SWD ABT 20
• KTS AND INTSFYG. TSTMS MOVG OUT OF AREA BY 0730Z.

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PIREP

• UA/OV CYHM 1235 FL050/
• TP C172/SK 030 OVC 045/
• TA -04/WV 240016/TB LGT/
• IC LGT/RM FROPA 10 MI W

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PIREP report Mixed Icing
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GFA

• Issued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730Z
• Covers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlook
• Country covered with 7 GFA areas
• Heights are feet above sea level
• Section 3 of MET in AIP
• Minimum of 5k to have speed be indicated
• CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicated
• Winds less than 20 k usually not shown
• Amended GFA shows CCA, etc in title box

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VALID 1800Z
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