Macromolecules

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Macromolecules

• Polymers.

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• They all contain Carbon
• Has 4 valence electrons

• What do all macromolecules have in common?

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What do all macromolecules have in common?

• 2. They are all polymers
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many
  similar building blocks called monomers

What is a polymer?
3. They are all assembled by a Dehydration
reaction (Condensation).
How are polymers assembled?
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Dehydration (Condensation) Reaction
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• Polymers are disassembled by
• Hydrolysis

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1. Carbohydrates- polysaccharide

• Examples in the cell

Starch- plants storage sugar
Cellulose plant cell wall
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Chitin- exoskeleton of insects
Glycogen- how the body stores sugar
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Carbohydrates

• Monomer Monosaccharide (simple sugar)

• Type of bond glycosidic linkage

• Function
• Storage and structural support

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2. Lipids
Examples in the cell
Fats- lipids in animals
Oils Lipids in plants
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Phospholipids -make up cell membrane
Steroids Hormones in the cell.
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Lipids

• Monomer Fatty acid tail

Ester linkage

• Type of bond ester linkage

• Function
• Energy storage
• Protection

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3. Proteins

• Proteins - more than 50 of dry mass of cells
• Functions include
• Enzymes
• Structural
• Storage
• Transport
• Hormonal (cellular communication)
• Receptor
• Contractile (movement)
• Defensive

Proteins in mouse cells
Animation Protein Functions
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Proteins
Examples in the cell
Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions
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Proteins

• Monomer Amino Acid

• Type of bond Peptide Bond

• Function
• Diverse and many

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LE 5-20a
Amino end
Amino acid subunits
Proteins level of structure1. Primary
Carboxyl end
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LE 5-20b
Proteins level of structure2. Secondary
b pleated sheet
Amino acid subunits
? helix
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LE 5-20d
Proteins level of structure3. Tertiary
Hydrophobic interactions and van der
Waals interactions
Polypeptide backbone
Hydrogen bond
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
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LE 5-20e
Polypeptide chain
b Chains
Proteins level of structure4. Quaternary
Iron
Heme
a Chains Hemoglobin
Polypeptide chain
Collagen
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4. Nucleic Acids
Examples in the cell
DNA stores genetic information
RNA Carries genetic code to cell.
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Nucleic Acids

• Monomer Nucleotide

• Type of bond Covalent and Hydrogen bond between
  bases

• Function
• Store genetic information

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Cells

• Cells Smallest living unit of life.
• History Began with Robert Hooke 1665.
• Observed cork cells and called them little cells
  or rooms.

What instrument was invented just prior to the
discovery of cells?
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Today
1665
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The cell theory
What is the cell theory?

• All organisms composed of 1 or more cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of organization in
  organisms.
• All cells come from preexisting cells.

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Why did cells form? Polar and nonpolar molecules
shape cells
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Nonpolar tail faces away from the polar water
molecule.
Polar head faces the polar water molecule
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Animation
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Why is the plasma membrane so important?

• Helps cell maintain shape.
• Controls what enters and leaves. Selective
  Permeability
• Maintains stability.
• Allows cell to communicate with other cells

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If lipid bilayer keeps polar molecules out, then
how do needed molecules get into the cell.
Protein doors
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What is the fluid mosaic model?
Fluid Mosaic Model

• Fluid because lipids and proteins can change
  position depending on what the cell needs
• Mosaic because it is made of many different
  macromolecules

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Bilayer
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• Cells Smallest living unit of life.
• 2 main types of cells -
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What are the 2 main types of cells?
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What are the similarities between Pro Euk Cells?
Similarities between Pro and Euk

• Cell membrane- encloses the cell
• Cytoplasm fluid center
• Ribosomes Where proteins are made
• DNA- genetic code for cell.

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• Brief history of the Earth
• 4.6 Bya Earth began
• 3.5 Bya First life Prokaryotic cells
• 1.5 Bya First Eukaryotic cells appear
• 5 mya humans evolve

• 1 hour
• 45 min.
• 19 min
• 0.007 min

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• Eukaryotic Complex cells with organelles
• Evolved from prokaryotic cells
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts similar to
  prokaryotic cells
• Similar chromosomes
• Mito. And Chloro. divide like prokaryotic cells

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• Eukaryotic complex cells with organelles
• More complex
• Larger than Prokaryotic cells.
• Contain nucleus
• Contain organelles
• All other living things beside bacteria
• With organelles cells can become specialized and
  have different functions

What are the differences?
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• Cells Smallest living unit of life.
• History
• 2 main types
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
• Viruses- Non-Cells- not living
• No cytoplasm
• No ribosomes or mitochondria
• Protein coat protects genetic information
• Reproduces only in another cell.

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The Cell Factory
A factory that makes and breaks proteins and
other molecules
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Cytoplasm

• Function
• Soup inside the cell membrane
• Mostly water and proteins needed by cell

Cytoplasm
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Nucleus- control room of cell. Directs what goes
on in the cell. Stores DNA Holds recipe for
proteins and other molecules.
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Nucleus

• Function
• Controls function of cell
• Stores DNA

Nucleus
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Nucleolus- main computer in the control room.
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Nucleolus

• Function
• Produces ribosomes that go out to the endoplasmic
  reticulum.

Nucleolus
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Mitochondria- the generator of the cell. Creates
ATP which is the fuel of the cell. Cellular
respiration.
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Mitochondria

• Function
• Supply Chemical energy for the cell. Breaks down
  sugars.
• Power plant of factory.

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Chloroplast- the solar panel of the cell. Only in
plants. Convert sunlight into chemical
energy. Site of photosynthesis.
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Chloroplast

• Function
• Contain chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis
• Only in plants.
• Solar Panels

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E.R. Site in factory where everything is put
together Golgi- the shipping department. Puts
address on macromolecules
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Function
• Helps in the making of lipids and getting grid of
  poisons.
• Processing line of the factory

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Function
• Helps in the making of proteins.
• Contains ribosomes which make it rough.
• Conveyor Belts or assembly line of the factory

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Golgi Body

• Function
• Packages macromolecules to be shipped in and out
  of the cell.
• Shipping department of the cell

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Ribosomes- are the actual assembly points where
proteins are put together
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Ribosomes

• Function
• Synthesis proteins
• Assembling points along the conveyor belts in the
  factory.

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Vacuole- the water tower or storage area of the
cell. Stores water and nutrients needed by the
cell. Larger in plant cells.
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Cell Wall- gives cell factory shape and
structure. Only in plant cells and prokaryotes
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Vacuoles

• Function
• In animals they are small and help get rid of
  waste.
• In plants they are large and help store water.
• Water tank and supply chamber of the factory.

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1. Passive Transport- Does not require energy by
cell
How do materials move into and out of the cell?
Molecules travel down concentration gradient
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1. Passive Transport- Does not require energy by
cell

• Diffusion - random movement of molecules from
  high to low concentration.
• Facilitated Transport Proteins assist molecules
  across membrane. No energy
• Osmosis movement of water across membrane.

more
osmosis
Passive transport
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2. Active Transport cell uses energy (ATP) to
move particles against concentration gradient.
Active transport

• Ion pumps
• Cotransport
• Endocytosis/Exocytosis

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Passive transport
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• Channel Proteins
• Receptor Proteins Boulder shaped
• Molecules that fit into receptors cause a change
  on the inside of the cell.

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• Cell Membrane- made of phospholipids.
• Make-up

• Characteristics
• Most polar molecules cant pass through membrane.
• Membrane is fluid that allows cells to move and
  grow.
• Membrane has doorways and windows of protein to
  allow needed materials into and out of the cell.