Title: Resource Allocation for Mobile Multiuser OFDM Systems
1Resource Allocation forMobile Multiuser OFDM
Systems
- Prof. Brian L. Evans
- Embedded Signal Processing Laboratory
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- February 17, 2006
bevans_at_ece.utexas.edu
Featuring work by ESPL students Zukang Shen and
Ian WongCollaboration with Prof. Jeffrey G.
Andrews and Prof. Robert W. Heath
2Outline
- Introduction
- Resource allocation in wireless systems
- Multiuser OFDM (MU-OFDM)
- Resource allocation in MU-OFDM
- MU-OFDM resource allocation with proportional
rates - Near-optimal solution
- Low-complexity solution
- Real-time implementation
- OFDM channel state information (CSI) prediction
- Comparison of algorithms
- High-resolution joint estimation and prediction
- MU-OFDM resource allocation using predicted CSI
3Resource Allocation in Wireless Systems
- Wireless local area networks (WLAN) 54--108 Mbps
- Metropolitan area networks (WiMAX) 10--100 Mbps
- Limited resources shared by multiple users
- Transmit power
- Frequency bandwidth
- Transmission time
- Code resource
- Spatial antennas
- Resource allocation impacts
- Power consumption
- User throughput
- System latency
4Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
- Adopted by many wireless communication standards
- IEEE 802.11a/g WLAN
- Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial and
Handheld - Broadband channel divided into narrowband
subchannels - Multipath resistant
- Receiver equalization simpler than single-carrier
systems - Uses static time or frequency division multiple
access
OFDM Baseband Spectrum
5Multiuser OFDM
- Orthogonal frequency division multiple access
(OFDMA) - Adopted by IEEE 802.16a/d/e standards
- 802.16e 1536 data subchannels with up to 40
users / sector - Users may transmit on different subcarriers at
same time - Inherits advantages of OFDM
- Exploits diversity among users
. . .
6Exploiting Multiuser Diversity
- Downlink multiuser OFDM
- Users share subchannels and basestation transmit
power - Users only decode their own data
Resource Allocation Resource Allocation
Static Adaptive
Users transmission order Pre-determined Dynamically scheduled
Channel state information Not exploited Wellexploited
SystemPerformance Poor Good
7MU-OFDM Resource Allocation
Objective Advantage Disadvantage
Max sum capacity Jang et al., 2003 Best sum capacity No data rate proportionality among users
Max minimum users capacity Rhee et al., 2000 Equal user data rates Inflexible user data rates distribution
Max weightedsum capacity Cendrillon et al., 2004 Data rate fairness adjustable by varying weights No guarantee for meeting proportional user data rates
8Outline
- Introduction
- Resource allocation in wireless systems
- Multiuser-OFDM (MU-OFDM)
- Resource allocation in MU-OFDM
- MU-OFDM resource allocation with proportional
rates - Near-optimal solution
- Low-complexity solution
- Real-time implementation
- OFDM channel state information (CSI) prediction
- Comparison of algorithms
- High-resolution joint estimation and prediction
- MU-OFDM resource allocation using predicted CSI
9MU-OFDM with Proportional Rates
B Transmission bandwidth
K of users
N of subchannels
pk,n power in user ks subchannel n
hk,n channel gain of user ks subchannel n
N0 AWGN power density
Rk User ks capacity
System parameter for proportional rates
- Objective Sum capacity
- Constraints
- Total transmit power
- No subchannel shared by multiple users
- Proportional rate constraints
- Advantages
- Allows different service privileges and different
pricing
10Two-Step Near-Optimal Solution
- Subchannel allocation step
- Greedy algorithm allow user with
leastallocated capacity/proportionality to
choosebest subcarrier Rhee Cioffi, 2000 - Modified to incorporate proportional rates
- Computational complexity O(K N log N)
- Power allocation step Shen, Andrews Evans,
2005 - Exact solution given a subcarrier allocation
- General case
- Solution to set of K non-linear equations in K
unknowns - Newton-Raphson methods are O(n K) where n is no.
of iterations - Special case High channel-to-noise ratio
- Solution finds a root of a polynomial with O(n K)
complexity - Typically 10 iterations in simulation
K - users N - subchannels n - iterations
11Lower Complexity Solution
- In practical scenarios, rough proportionality is
acceptable - Key ideas to simplify Shens approachWong,
Shen, Andrews Evans, 2004 - Relax strict proportionality constraint
- Require predetermined number of subchannelsto be
assigned to simplify power allocation - Power allocation
- Solution to sparse set of linear equations
- Computational complexity O(K)
- Advantages Wong, Shen, Andrews Evans, 2004
- Waives high channel-to-noise ratio assumption of
Shens method - Achieves higher capacity with lower complexity
vs. Shens method - Maintains acceptable proportionality of user data
rates
Example
12Simulation Parameters
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Number of Subcarriers (N) 64 Channel Model 6-tap exponentially decaying power profile with Rayleigh fading
Number of Users (K) 4-16 Maximum Delay Spread 5 ms
Bit Error Rate Constraint 10-3 Doppler Frequency 30 Hz
13Total Capacity Comparison
N 64 subchannels SNR 38 dB SNR Gap 3.3
dB Based on 10000 channel realizations Proportio
ns assigned randomly from 4,2,1 with
probabilities0.2, 0.3, 0.5
Wongs Method Shens Method
14Proportionality Comparison
Based on the 16-user case, 10000
channel realizations per user Normalized rate
proportions for three classes of users using
proportions 4, 2, 1
Proportions Wongs Method Shens Method
15Real-time Software Prototype
LabVIEW 7.0
LabVIEW handles the interface between Matlab and
the DSP and automates allocation tests.
TMS320C6701 Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
Matlab 6.5
Matlab generates a frequency-selective Rayleigh
channel for each user.
The DSP receives Channel State Information and
performs resource allocation algorithm.
16Computational Complexity
22 average improvement
Code developed in floating point C Run on 133
MHzTI TMS320C6701 DSP EVM board
17Memory Usage
Memory Type Memory Type Shens Method Wongs Method
Program Memory Subcarrier Allocation 1660 2024
Program Memory Power Allocation 2480 1976
Program Memory Total 4140 4000
Data Memory System Variables 8KN4K O(KN) 8KN4K O(KN)
Data Memory Subcarrier Allocation 4N8K O(NK) 4N12K O(NK)
Data Memory Power Allocation 4N24K O(NK) 4N28K O(NK)
All values are in bytes
18Performance Comparison Summary
Performance Criterion Shens Method Wongs Method
Subcarrier Allocation Computational Complexity O(KNlogN) O(KNlogN)
Power Allocation Computational Complexity O(NnK), n9 O(NK)
Memory Complexity O(NK) O(NK)
Achieved Capacity High Higher
Adherence to Proportionality Tight Loose
Assumptions on Subchannel SNR High None
19Outline
- Introduction
- Resource allocation in wireless systems
- Multiuser-OFDM (MU-OFDM)
- Resource Allocation in MU-OFDM
- MU-OFDM resource allocation with proportional
rates - Near-optimal solution
- Low-complexity solution
- Real-time implementation
- OFDM channel state information (CSI) prediction
- Comparison of algorithms
- High-resolution joint estimation and prediction
- MU-OFDM resource allocation using predicted CSI
20Delayed CSI
mobile
t0 Mobile estimates channel and feeds
this back to base station t? Base station
receives estimates, adapts transmission
based on these
Higher BER Lower bps/Hz
Channel Mismatch
21Prediction of Wireless Channels
- Use current and previous channel estimates to
predict future channel response - Overcome feedback delay
- Adaptation based on predicted channel response
- Lessen amount of feedback
- Predicted channel responsemay reduce how often
directchannel feedback is provided
22Related Work
- Prediction on each subcarrier Forenza Heath,
2002 - Each subcarrier treated as a narrowband
autoregressive process Duel-Hallen et al., 2000 - Prediction using pilot subcarriers Sternad
Aronsson, 2003 - Used unbiased power prediction Ekman, 2002
- Prediction on time-domain channel
tapsSchafhuber Matz, 2005 - Used adaptive prediction filters
23OFDM Channel Prediction Comparison
- Compared three approaches in unified
frameworkWong, Forenza, Heath Evans, 2004 - Analytical and numerical MSE comparison
- All-subcarrier and pilot-subcarrier methods have
similar MSE performance - Time-domain prediction performs much better than
the two other frequency domain prediction methods - Complexity comparison
- All-subcarrier gt Pilot-subcarrier Time-domain
24High-resolution OFDM Channel Prediction
- Combined channel estimation and predictionWong
Evans, 2005 - Outperforms previous methods with similar order
of computational complexity - Allows decoupling of computations between
receiver and transmitter - High-resolution channel estimates available as
aby-product of prediction algorithm
25Deterministic Channel Model
- Outdoor mobile macrocell scenario
- Far-field scatterer (plane wave assumption)
- Linear motion with constant velocity
- Small time window (a few wavelengths)
- Channel model
- Used in modeling and simulation ofwireless
channels Jakes 1974 - Used in ray-tracing channelcharacterization
Rappaport 2002
n OFDM symbol indexk subchannel index
26Prediction via 2-D Frequency Estimation
- If we accurately estimate parameters in channel
model, we could effectively extrapolate the
fading process - Estimation and extrapolation period should be
within time window where model parameters are
stationary - Estimation of two-dimensional complex sinusoids
in noise - Well studied in radar, sonar, and other array
signal processing applications Kay, 1988 - Many algorithms available, but are
computationally intensive
27Two-step 1-D Frequency Estimation
- Typically, many propagation paths share the same
resolvable time delay - We can thus break down the problem into two steps
- Time-delay estimation
- Doppler-frequency estimation
28IEEE 802.16e Simulation
29Mean-square Error vs. SNR
Prediction 2 ? ahead
ACRLB Asymptotic Cramer-Rao Lower Bound CRLB
Cramer-Rao Lower Bound
30Mean-square Error vs. Prediction Length
SNR 7.5 dB
ACRLB Asymptotic Cramer-Rao Lower Bound CRLB
Cramer-Rao Lower Bound
31Performance Comparison Summary
L - No. of paths M - No. of rays per path
32MU-OFDM Resource Allocation with Predicted CSI
(Future Work)
- Combine MU-OFDM resource allocation with
long-range channel prediction - Using the statistics of the channel prediction
error, we can stochastically adapt to the channel - Requires less channel feedback
- More resilient to channel feedback delay
- Improved overall throughput
33Conclusion
- Resource allocation for MU-OFDM with proportional
rates - Allows tradeoff between sum capacity and user
rate fairness - Enables different service privileges and pricing
- Derived efficient algorithms to achieve similar
performance with lower complexity - Prototyped system in a DSP, showing its promise
for real-time implementation - Channel prediction for OFDM systems
- Overcomes the detrimental effect of feedback
delay - Proposed high-performance OFDM channel prediction
algorithms with similar complexity - Resource allocation using predicted channels is
important for practical realization of resource
allocation in MU-OFDM
34Embedded Signal Processing Laboratory
- Director Prof. Brian L. Evans
- http//www.ece.utexas.edu/bevans/
- WiMAX (OFDM) related research
- Algorithms for resource allocation in MU-OFDM
- Algorithms for OFDM channel estimation and
prediction - Key collaborators Prof. Jeff Andrews and Prof.
Robert Heath - Key graduate students
- Zukang Shen, PhD
- Ian C. Wong, PhD Candidate
- Kyungtae Han, PhD Candidate
- Daifeng Wang, MS Student
- Hamood Rehman, MS Student
35Backup
36Subchannel Allocation
- Modified method of Rhee et al., 2000, but we
keep the assumption of equal power distribution
on subchannels - Initialization (Enforce zero initial
conditions)Set , for
. Let - For to (Allocate best
subchannel for each user) - Find satisfying
for all - Let ,
and update - While (Iteratively give lowest
rate user first choice) - Find satisfying
for all - For the found , find satisfying
for all - For the found and , Let
, and update
Back
37Power Allocation for a Single User
- Optimal power distribution for user
- Order
- Water-filling algorithm
- How to find for
K of users
N of subchannels
pk,n power in user ks nth assigned subchannel
Hk,n Channel-to-noise ratio in user ks nth assigned subchannel
Nk of subchannels allocated to user k
Pk,tot Total power allocated to user k
38Power Allocation among Many Users
- Use proportional rate and total power constraints
- Solve nonlinear system of K equations
/iteration - Two special cases
- Linear case
, closed-form solution - High channel-to-noise ratio and
where
Back
39Comparison with Optimal Solution
Back
40Comparison with Max-Min Capacity
41Comparison with Max Sum Capacity
42Summary of Shens Contribution
- Adaptive resource allocation in multiuser OFDM
systems - Maximize sum capacity
- Enforce proportional user data rates
- Low complexity near-optimal resource allocation
algorithm - Subchannel allocation assuming equal power on all
subchannels - Optimal power distribution for a single user
- Optimal power distribution among many users with
proportionality - Advantages
- Evaluate tradeoff between sum capacity and user
data rate fairness - Fill the gap of max sum capacity and max-min
capacity - Achieve flexible data rate distribution among
users - Allow different service privileges and pricing
43Wongs 4-Step Approach
- Determine number of subcarriers Nk for each user
- Assign subcarriers to each user to give rough
proportionality - Assign total power Pk for each user to maximize
capacity - Assign the powers pk,n for each users
subcarriers (waterfilling)
O(K)
O(KNlogN)
O(K)
O(N)
44Simple Example
N 4 subchannels K 2 users Ptotal 10
Desired proportionality among data rates
?1 3/4
9
?2 1/4
6
5
3
45Step 1 of Subcarriers/User
Nk
3
1
?1 3/4
9
?2 1/4
6
5
3
N 4 subchannels K 2 users Ptotal 10
46Step 2 Subcarrier Assignment
Rk
Rtot
log2(12.510)4.70
log2(12.58)4.39
13.3
log2(12.57)4.21
log2(12.59)4.55
4.55
? Nk
3/4 3
1/4 1
47Step 3 Power per user
P1 7.66 P2 2.34
N 4 subchannels K 2 users Ptotal 10
Back
48Step 4 Power per subcarrier
- Waterfilling across subcarriers for each user
P1 7.66 P2 2.34
? Nk
3/4 3
1/4 1
p1,1 2.58 p1,2 2.55 p1,3 2.53 p2,1 2.34
Data Rates R1 log2(1 2.5810) log2(1
2.558) log2(1 2.537)
13.39008 R2 log2(1 2.349) 4.46336
Back
49Pilot-based Transmission
- Comb pilot pattern
- Least-squares channel estimates
50Prediction over all the subcarriers
- Design prediction filter for each of the Nd data
subcarriers - Mean-square error
51Prediction over the pilot subcarriers
- Design filter on the Npilot pilot subcarriers
only - Less computation and storage needed
- Npilot ltlt Nd (e.g. Npilot 8 Nd 192 for
802.16e OFDM) - Use the same prediction filter for the data
subcarriers nearest to the pilot carrier
52Prediction on time-domain channel taps
- Design filter on Nt Npilot time-domain channel
taps - Channel estimates typically available only in
freq. domain - IFFT required to compute time-domain channel taps
- MSE
53 Simulation Parameters (IEEE 802.16e)
Parameter Value Parameter Value
N 256 Bandwidth 5 MHz
Guard Carriers (7) 0-27 201256 Fcarrier 2600 MHz
Channel Model ETSI Vehicular A Mobile Velocity 75 kmph
Prediction Order 75 Downsampling rate 25 (4fd)
54Prediction Snapshot
55NMSE vs. Channel Estimation Error
56NMSE vs. Prediction Horizon
57Step 1 Time-delay estimation
- Estimate autocorrelation function using the
modified covariance averaging method Stoica
Moses, 1997 - Estimate the number of paths L using minimum
description length rule Xu, Roy, Kailath,
1994 - Estimate the time delays using Estimation
of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance
Techniques (ESPRIT) Roy Kailath, 1989 - Estimate the amplitudes cp(l) using least-squares
- Discrete Fourier Transform of these amplitudes
could be used to estimate channel - More accurate than conventional approaches, and
similar to parametric channel estimation method
in Yang, et al., 2001
58Step 2 Doppler Frequency Estimation
- Using complex amplitudes cp(l) estimated from
Step 1 as the left hand side for (2), we
determine the rest of the parameters - Similar steps as Step 1 can be applied for the
parameter estimation for each path p - Using the estimated parameters, predict channel as
59Prediction as parameter estimation
- Channel is a continuous non-linear function of
the 4M-length channel parameter vector
60Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB)
61Closed-form expression for asymptotic CRLB
- Using large-sample limit of CRLB matrix for
general 2-D complex sinusoidal parameter
estimation Mitra Stoica, 2002 - Much simpler expression
- Achievable by maximum-likelihood and nonlinear
least-squares methods - Monte-Carlo numerical evaluations not necessary
62Insights from the MSE expression
Doppler frequency phase cross covariance
Amplitude phase error variance
Doppler frequency error variance
Time-delay phase cross covariance
Time-delay error variance
- Linear increase with ?2 and M
- Dense multipath channel environments are the
hardest to predict Teal, 2002 - Quadratic increase in n and k with f and ?
estimation error variances - Emphasizes the importance of estimating these
accurately - Nt, Nf, Dt and Df should be chosen as large as
possible to decrease the MSE bound