CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR SUSTANINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN'

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QUOTE

• The Masters of Forests ... shall survey and
  visit all forests and all woods which they
  include, and they shall effect the sales as
  needed, with a view to continuously maintaining
  the said forests and woods in good condition."
•  Royal Ordinance on Forests, enacted in Brunoy
  more than 650 years ago, on 29th May 1346, by
  Philippe of Valois.

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CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR SUSTANINABLE FOREST
MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

• Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar

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National Level Criteria and Indicators

• National level criteria and indicators help
  decision makers, including planners and policy
  makers, to define what makes up SFM, and to
  establish guidelines and monitor trends in the
  sustainability of the goods and services being
  provided by a nation's forests.

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Major Criteria and Indicator Processes and
Initiatives

• International Tropical Timber Organization
  (ITTO).
• Pan-European.
• Montreal.
• Tarapoto.
• Dry Zone Africa.
• Near East.

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SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

• Sustainable Forest Management is the way of
  management in which growth exceeds timber
  harvest, now also encompasses economics,
  environmental and social qualities that
  contribute to the sustainability of forest
  dependent communities and ecosystems as well as
  the forest itself.
• Central American and African Timber Organization
  (ATO).

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SFM

• .This is a complex concept of sustainable
  forest management and requires input from a wide
  range of stakeholders to identify criteria for
  assessing sustainability and methods for
  achieving it.

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CRITERIA

• A category of conditions or processes by which
  sustainable forest management may be assessed. A
  criterion is characterized by a set of related
  indicators, which are monitored periodically to
  assess change.

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INDICATORS

• A measure of an aspect of the criterion. It may
  be quantitative or qualitative variable which
  can be measured and when observed periodically
  demonstrates trends.

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Why We Need Criteria and Indicators?

• To address the difficulty of Sustainable Forest
  Management into an operational tool that could be
  applied in forest management.
• Policy and decision making can be rationalised
  and improved.
• To promote improved forest management practices
  over time.
  
• To develop a healthier and more productive
  forest estate, which can meet the social,
  economic, environmental and political needs of
  country now and in the future.
• To enhance an awareness, knowledge and
  appreciation for the measurement of progress on
  Sustainable Forest Management.
• Foster the political support necessary to achieve
  Sustainable Forest Management and to develop the
  social capital.

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Criterion 1 Extent of Forest and Tree Cover

• For sustainable management of forest resources
  , information about the extent of forest area and
  growing stock is imperative. It is therefore
  important to ensure that these resources are at
  least maintained at the existing level.

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1INDICATORS

• Forest area of natural ( by types) and man-made
  forests
• Extent of forest area under fragile ecosystems
• Level of dense and degraded forest
• Forest on other wooded lands
• Ratio of forest area rich in producing NWFP/
  Total forest area
• Forest area diverted for non-forestry uses
• Community managed forest areas
• Ratio of forest Area/ Other Land

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Criterion 2 Maintenance of Forest Ecosystem
Health and Vitality

• Ensures that forests do not lose their ability
  to provide goods and services as a consequence of
  being exposed to processes (e.g., fire, wind
  storms, floods) or agents (e.g., insects,
  diseases) outside the range of historical
  variation. In addition, ensures that basic
  ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling or
  seed dispersal are operating within the range of
  historical variation.

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2A .INDICATORS

• Status of natural regeneration
• Status of natural succession
• Status of secondary forests
• Weed, pest, disease, grazing, fire, etc.
• Maintenance of food chain
• Area and percent of regional deforestation.

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2B .INDICATORS

• Regional degradation rates.
• Values of biomass flux over the past 20 years.
• Ratio of protection area/production areas.
• Ratio of forest area affected by human
  activities/ total forest area.

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Criterion 3 Conservation of Biological
Diversity

• Conservation of biological diversity demands the
  maintenance of ecosystem, species, and genetic
  diversity. Conserving biodiversity through forest
  management has at least three different
  components Maintaining sufficient amounts of all
  native habitats across the landscape so that no
  species becomes endangered, addressing specific
  habitat and other needs of already endangered
  species and providing some form of reserve areas
  (e.g., National Parks, Wilderness Areas) for each
  forest type.

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3A. INDICATORS

• Area of protected and fragmented ecosystems
• Number of rare, endangered, threatened and
  endemic species.
• Level of species richness and diversity
• Change in the Canopy cover
• Trend of production of medicinal and aromatic
  plants and other NWFPs
• Level of non-destructive harvest.
• Change in areas by forest types relative to total
  forest area.

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3B. INDICATORS

• Change in growing stock and harvesting rates in
  natural forests.
• Change in areas by classification system of trees
  outside forests.
• Change in forest areas adjacent to urban land as
  a result of human activities.
• Number of forest dependent species.

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Criterion 4Conservation and Maintenance of Soil
and Water Resources

• Guarantees the protective and productive
  capabilities of Forests with respect to soil and
  water resources. Catastrophic forest fires, poor
  farming practices, erosion from overgrazing and
  stream damage and soil compaction through poor
  timber harvesting practices can reduce water
  quality and soil productivity.

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4A Indicators

• Soil Moisture.
• Soil compaction
• Status of Erosion
• Run-off (Water Yield)
• Soil pH
• Soil Organic Carbon
• Nutrient Status of the Soil
• Soil Flora, Fauna and Microbes

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4 B Indicators

• Level of Water Table
• Sediment Load
• Change in forest land Area Integrated with Soil
  and Water Management
• Change in Water Bodies in the Forest Areas
• Change in the Forest Area Managed for Protective
  Functions
• Change in the Physical Properties of Soil
  resulting from Human Activities

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Criterion 5 Maintenance of the Productive
Capacity of Forest Ecosystem

• Expects that timber and other forest resources
  are not being harvested unsustainably from a
  given forest area. It is important to note that
  sustainability issues apply not only to volume
  production, but also to wood quality and non-wood
  forest products.

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5A Indicators

• Area and growing stock of plantations of native
  and exotic species.
• Area of forest land and net area of forest
  availability for timber production.
• Annual removal of wood products compared to
  volume determined to be sustained
• Supply and demand projection of forest products
• Trend of annual removal of NWFP.
• Area allocated for wood fuels production and
  annual consumption of wood fuels

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5B Indicators

• Volume of growing stock available for timber
  production
• Natural regeneration status
• Increment of wood and non-wood products
• Area of afforestation and new plantations
• Level of material and technological inputs
• Extent of protection measures
• Level of tangible benefits

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Criterion6Maintenance and Enhancement of
Long-Term Multiple Socio-Economic Benefits to
Meet the Needs of Society

• Considers that forests provide social benefits
  such as employment, recreation opportunities,
  cultural and spiritual values and at the same
  time provide such economic benefits as
  timber/non-timber resources and investment in the
  forest sector.

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6 A Indicators

• Aggregate and per capita wood and non-wood
  consumption
• Import and export of wood and non-wood forest
  products
• Recorded and unrecorded removals of wood and
  NWFPs
• Direct employment in forestry and forest
  industries
• Contribution of forest to the income of forest
  dependent people.

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6 B Indicators

• Value and volume of woods and wood products
  production from forestlands.
• Percentage of forest area managed for services,
  in relation to the total area of forest land.
• Percentage of the total area managed for
  cultural, social and spiritual needs and values.
• Extent to which, marketing practices support the
  conservation and rational utilization of forest
  resources.

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6 C Indicators

• Well-being in terms of livelihood, recreation,
  cultural and aesthetic needs
• Degree of economic, social, gender and
  participatory equity.
• Conflict management mechanisms
• Capacity to measure and monitor changes in
  current marketing practices of forest products.
• Value and quantity of N.W.F.P.

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6 D Indicators

• Changes in the percentage of the people directly
  or indirectly dependent on forest economy.
• Value and volume of wood and wood production of
  trees outside forest used for subsistence.
• Impact of Marketing Functions on SFM
• Impact of Substitutional effect on SFM
• Impact of trade barriers on SFM

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7. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework

• Existence of policy and level of policy
  implementation are conducive to sustainable
  forest management. Forest policy must be capable
  of addressing the issues related to the forest
  management, supportiveness of forest management
  laws and regulations, provide the mechanism of
  monitoring of policy implementation and revision,
  endow with the opportunities for public access to
  the information, and encourage the induction of
  new technology to the sustainable development of
  forest management. Furthermore, a good forest
  policy must develop scientific understanding of
  forest ecosystem characteristics and functions
  and must attract the private investment and must
  have the flexibility to address the issues
  related to natural disturbances and strengthen
  the linkages between producers and users of wood
  and wood products.

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7A. INDCATORS

• Existing policy and legal framework
• Level of community, NGO and private sector
  participation
• Investment in research and development
• Human resource capacity building efforts
• Forest resource accounting
• Monitoring and Evaluation mechanisms
• Status of information dissemination and
  utilization
• Change in forest area as a result of incentives
  in the policy.
• Change in the livelihood of people living in the
  vicinity of forests (Communities) after
  the announcement of new policy.

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7B INDCATORS

• Level of investment attracted in the field of
  forestry and allied disciplines.
• How policy has encouraged the principle of
  multiple uses so to produce a sustained yield of
  products and services?
• Role of Policy in increasing or decreasing the
  overall share of forestry in the GDP of the
  country.
• Extent to which institution and policy supports
  conservation and sustainable forest management of
  forests.
• Stakeholders satisfaction with policy making
  process.
• Compliance with forest management legislation and
  customary laws.

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Sustainable Forest Management
'The stewardship and use of forests and forest
land in a way and at a rate, that maintains their
biodiversity, productivity, regeneration
capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill
now and in the future, relevant ecological,
economic and social functions, at local, national
and global levels and does not cause damage to
other ecosystems. (Ministerial Conferences on
the Protection of Forests in Europe, 1993)
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Other similar inter-governmental processes

• Montreal process
• Near East Process, Lepaterique Process,
• Regional Initiative of Dry Forests in Asia,
• ITTO Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable
  Management of Natural Tropical Forests,
• Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable
  Management in Dry-zone Africa,
• Tarapoto Proposal Criteria and Indicators for
  the Sustainable Management of Amazonian Forests,
• African Timber Organization Principles, Criteria
  and Indicators for Sustainable Management of
  Natural Forests

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Dr. K.M. Suleman

• Presented By

DirectorForest Products Research
DivisionPakistan Forest Institute Peshawar