Title: Habituation
1Chapter 6
- Habituation
- Respondent Learning
2RecapReflexes as Universal I Behaviors
- Hard - Wired
- Present at birth
- Do not need much experience
- Unlearned thus Unconditioned
- Reflex is not a behavior but stimulus-behavior
relationship
3Recap Reflex as Unlearned Stimulus-Behavior
Relationship
- UnConditioned Unlearned
- Stimulus - environmental event
- Behavior Response - action of organism
- UCS---------gt CR
4Recap Examples of Reflexes
- Consummatory
- Defensive
- Social
5Consummatory Reflexes
6Defensive Reflexes
7How Do Reflexes Change?
- 1. Reflexes May Stay the Same
- 2. Reflexes May Disappear
- 3. Reflexes May Be Elicited by New Stimuli -
Respondent Conditioning - 4. Reflexes May be Elaborated into New Behaviors
- Operant Conditioning
8What is Learning?
- Relatively permanent change in behavior that is
due to experience - Change in behavior (in relation to environ.
- Change is relatively permanent
- Due to experience (not maturation)
9Selectionism - Learning as a Natural Process
- Parallel to natural selection - phylogenic
- Ontogenic contingencies - Learning
- Variability
- Selection
- Retention
10The Evolutionary Significance of Learning
- Natural selection - survival of species
- Learning - survival of individual
- Ontogenic Adaptability
11A Parallelism Between Evolution and Learning
- Phylogenic Contingencies -
- Natural Selection
- Ontogenic Contingencies
- Selection by Consequences
- Learning
12Selectionism - Learning as a Natural Process
- How does Learning Relate to Development?
- Is Learning "A" process or "THE" process in
development?
13Learning -- What Develops?
- Stimulus-Response Relationships
- Classifying Stimuli
- Physical Stimulus Classes
- Functional Stimulus Classes
- Classifying Stimuli
- Response Classes
- Topography
- Function
- Classes mean Variability
14Types of Learning
- Habituation
- Respondent Learning
- Operant Learning
15HabituationDefining Characteristics
- Start with a reflex
- UCS UCR
- Repeated UCS lead to decrement in or elimination
of responding - Not due to fatigue
16Habituation
- UCS ---------gt UCR
- UCS ---------gt UCR
- UCS --------gt UCR
- UCS ---------gt UCR
- UCS --------gt UCR
- UCS (habituation)
- UCS (habituation)
17Habituation
- BANG -------gt Jump
- BANG!--------gtJump
- BANG! --------gtJump
- BANG! --------gtJump
- BANG!
- BANG!
18Respondent Learning
- Nonhuman Studies
- Infant Studies
- Defining characteristics
- Generalization
- Discrimination
- Respondent Extinction
- Why study respondent learning?
- Types of Behaviors
19Respondent LearningDefining Characteristics
- Reflex
- UCS-----------gtUCR
- Neutral Stimulus
- NS (Doesnt elicit UCR)
- With repeated pairings NS elicits Response
- CS-----------gtCR
20Respondent Learning
- NS
- UCS------------gtUCR
- NS
- UCS------------gtUCR
- NS
- UCS-------------gtUCR
21Respondent Learning (cont.)
- NS
- UCS------------gtUCR
- NS
- UCS------------gtUCR
- CS --------------CR (Respondent Learning)
22Respondent Learning (e.g.)
- CS(rat)-----------gtCR(fear)
- UCS (Bang!) ---------gtUCR(fear)
23ExtinctionRepeated presentations of CS alone
leads to disappearance of the CR to CS
- CS--------gtCR
- CS--------gtCR
- CS--------gtCR
- CS--------gtCR
- CS--------gtCR
- CS
- CS
24Generalization vs. Discrimination
- Generalization
- Other (unpaired) stimuli elicit CR
- Discrimination
- CR to some stimuli but not others
25Practical Problem with Extinction Escape or
Avoidance
- Systematic Densitization
- Fear Hierarchy
- Gradual Extinction
- Counter Conditioning
- Associate CS to an UCS which elicits an
incompatible UCR - e.g. pair rabbit with candy
- rabbit elicits similar response that candy does
26What Factors Influence Respondent Acquisition?
- Order of Presentation
- Forward or Delayed
- Trace
- Backward
- NS -----gtUCS Interval
- Intensity of the UCS
27Forward or Trace Conditioning
- NS
- UCS-------gtUCR
- Most effective
28Trace conditioning
- NS
- UCS-------gtUCR
- Some effects
29Backward Conditioning
- UCS----------gtUCR
- NS
- Not effective
- Serve as a control for sensitization