Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

• Daily Question What is the structure of matter?

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The Atom

• Atoms are the basic unit of matter.
• Remember, matter is anything that has mass and
  takes up space.

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Subatomic Particles

• Atoms are made of 3 basic particles
• 1. protons carry a positive charge
• 2. neutrons carry no charge
• 3. electrons carry a negative charge. Very
  light.
• The net charge of an atom is zero.

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• Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the
  atom.
• Electrons circle around the atom in an electron
  cloud.

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Elements

• Elements are made of 1 type of atom.
• 1 or 2 letter symbol.
• Arranged in a chart called the periodic table
  according to the number of protons in the nucleus.

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• Protons Atomic number
• Protons Electrons (atoms are electrically
  neutral)
• Mass number Protons Neutrons

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Practice
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Compounds vs. Mixtures

• A compound is when 2 or more elements are
  chemically combined. A chemical formula is used
  to write compounds.
• Examples
• Na Cl? NaCl
• 2H O ? H2O

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• A mixture is when 2 or more substances are only
  mixed together physically.
• Examples
• Earths Atmosphere
• Salt and Pepper

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Atoms in compounds
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Types of Bonds

• Atoms can get charged. When electrons are gained
  or lost, ions are formed. Ions are atoms with a
  charge.

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• Ions combine to form compounds. These ions are
  held together by bonds.
• Ionic bonds electrons are transferred from one
  ion to another.
• Covalent bonds electrons are shared between
  ions.

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• Hydrogen bonds these are bonds that hold
  molecules (smallest units of compounds) together.

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Chemical Reactions

• Occurs when bonds are broken, chemicals are
  rearranged and new bonds are formed.
• Example

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Practice
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Properties of Water

• 1. Water is a good solvent.
• Water can dissolve more substances than any other
  solvent known.

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• 2. Water has a high specific heat.
• Water can absorb a lot of heat without its
  temperature rising very much.

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• 3. Water has a high heat of vaporization.
• It takes a lot of heat to evaporate water.

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• 4. Water has a high heat of fusion.
• This means that it takes a long time for water to
  freeze.

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• Surface tension
• Bonds hold molecules together so tightly that the
  waters surface acts like a membrane

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Solutions and Suspensions

• Water is not always pure. It is often part of a
  mixture. There are 2 types of mixtures
• 1. solutions all components are evenly
  distributed.
• Solute the part that is dissolved.
• Solvent the part that does the dissolving

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• 2. Suspensions
• Mixtures of water and non-dissolved substances.

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Acids and Bases

• Chemists devised a measurement system called the
  pH scale to indicate whether a substance is an
  acid or a base.

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• Acids produce hydronium ions in solution.
• Bases produce hydroxide ions in solution.

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• The pH of most fluids in the body is between 6.5
  and 7.5.
• The body controls the pH by using buffers.
  These are weak acids or bases that can react with
  strong acids or bases to prevent sharp changes in
  pH.

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Organic Chemistry

• EQ
• What are the structures and functions of the 4
  macromolecules? (very LARGE molecules)

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• Inorganic vs. Organic Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry is also called carbon chemistry.

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Carbohydrates

• Chemical Composition
• made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 121
  ratio.
• Exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides and
  polysaccharides.

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• Examples
• Monosaccharides glucose, fructose and galactose
• Disaccharides sucrose
• Polysaccharides
• glycogen (animals store this)
• starch (plants store this as cellulose)

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• Food Examples

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• Function in Living Things
• Main source of energy in all living things.

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• Building Blocks
• Macromolecules are very large molecules made from
  smaller subunits.
• The monomers for carbohydrates are
  monosaccharides.

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Lipids

• Large, organic molecules that do not dissolve in
  water.
• Chemical Composition
• Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
  Larger ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to
  oxygen atoms.

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• Building Blocks
• Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol.
• Examples
• Phospholipids
• Waxes
• Triglycerides
• Saturated
• Unsaturated
• Steroids
• Testosterone
• Cholesterol

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• Function in Living Things
• Energy source
• Waterproof covering (surfaces of leaves)
• Protection (earwax)

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Nucleic Acids

• Chemical Composition
• Contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
  phosphorus, and nitrogen.

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• Function in Living Things
• Stores hereditary information
• Examples
• DNA and RNA
• Building Blocks
• Nucleotides 1 phosphate, 1 sugar and 1 nitrogen
  base

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Proteins

• Chemical Composition
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• Building Blocks
• Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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• Function in Living Things
• Skin and muscles are made largely of proteins
• Enzymes
• Examples
• Foods
• Enzymes

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Enzymes

• All reactions need energy to get started.
• The amount of energy required to start a chemical
  reaction is called activation energy.
• Some reactions are really slow. A catalyst
  speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by
  lowering the activation energy.
• Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts.

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Lock and Key Model
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• Enzymes are affected by certain conditions.
• Temperature
• pH

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Test Review

• Elements and symbols from periodic table.
• Be able to find protons, neutrons, electrons,
  mass number and atomic number from periodic
  table.
• Recognize a chemical equation. Label parts.
• Acids, Bases and pH scale
• Be able to count the total number of atoms in a
  compound.

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• Be able to recognize atoms, ions and compounds.
• Notes on carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
  nucleic acids.
• Reading guide over water and acids and bases.
• Notes over enzymes.
• Know all vocabulary words 1-38.
• Old school section everything from 1st test.