Natural Science

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Physical Science

• Chapter 5
• Fall 2005

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• Molecular Mixing

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Molecular Interactions

• Ion-Dipole salts dissolve (ionize) in water
• Dipole-Dipole
• Dipole-Induced Dipole
• Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
• Hard-soft electron clouds
• Hard - Sodium ion, Fluoride, Helium
• Soft - Sulfide ion, Iodine

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Hydrogen Bond

• 1/4 as strong as an normal covalent chemical
  bond does have covalent char
• OH----O or N or F
• NH----O or N or F
• FH----O or N or F
• Responsible for most secondary and tertiary
  structure in proteins

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Solutions

• Molecular sugar in water
• Ionic salt in water
• Interactions with water molecules must be
  stronger than interactions of molecules of solute
  with each other
• Strongweak vs. Concentrateddilute

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Solubility

• Saturated
• Unsaturated
• Supersaturated
• Solubility and Temperature
• Solubility of Gases

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Soaps

• Lye soap rendered fat ashes
• Polar head and non-polar tail
• Generically called surfactants
• Anionic - sulfates and sulfonates
• Cationic - quaternary ammonium salts
• Nonionic - polyethers

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Micelle
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Soap bubbles
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Surface Tension

• Skin of water
• Capillary action

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Chapter 21

• Chemical Reactions

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Reactions

• Reactants --gt Products
• Law of Conservation of Mass
• Molecular interpretation
• Mole interpretation

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Types of Reactions

• Acid - BaseHBr KOH --gt KBr H2Oacid base
  --gt salt water
• PrecipitationCa2 CO3-2 --gt CaCO3
• Oxidation-Reduction4Fe 3O2 --gt 2Fe2O3

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Energy

• Law of conservation of energy
• Heat of reaction DH
• Entropy DS
• Gibbs Free Energy ?H -T?S

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Heat of Reaction

• Exothermic - gives off heat - calcium chloride
  dissolved in water - DH
• Endothermic - ammonium nitrate dissolved in water
  DH

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Equilibrium

• N2 3H2 ltgt 2NH3 DH 20 kJ
• LeChataliers Principle - When systems at
  equilibrium are subjected to stress the point of
  equilibrium will shift to minimize the stress.

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Mass

• Atomic Mass
• Formula/Molecular Mass
• Molecules and moles (unit change from AMU to g)
• Law of Multiple Proportions

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Water, H2O

• H 1 x 2 2
• O 16 x 1 16
• Total 18

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Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

• H 1 x 2 2
• O 16 x 2 32
• Total 34

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FAS, Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2

• Fe 55.8 x 1 55.8
• N 14 x 2 28
• H 1 x 8 8
• S 32 x 2 64
• O 16 x 8 128
• Total 283.8

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CuSO45H2O

• Cu 63.5 x 1 63.5
• S 32 x 1 32
• O 16 x 4 64 Total 159.5
• H2O 18 x 5 90 Total 249.5
• Copper sulfate pentahydrate

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Law of Conservation of Mass

• NaOH HCl gt NaCl H2O40g 36.5g
  58.5g 18g1 mol 1 mol --gt 1 mol 1 mol