Digital Photo

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Digital Photo

• Notes to pass the class

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Photography Vocabulary
A camera is a picture taking device usually
consisting of a light-tight box, film holder,
shutter to admit a measured quantity of light and
a lens to focus the image. Joseph-Nicephore
Niepce was the first to experiment with bitumen
an oil of lavender. From this experiment he
found a way to permanently capture the image of
a camera obscura. In 1827, Niepce made the
first surviving photograph of a window of a
country home. It required exposure to sunlight
for eight hours.
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Daguerre was experimenting with silver-iodide
image Once he heard of Niepces work, he
contacted him and they eventually became
partners. The process they came up with was
called daguerreotype in 1839. It was a lengthy
process that had a sheet of copper light
sensitive. The only problem was that you could
only get ONE print. This process became very
popular for portraiture even though it required
the person to stand motionless for up to 8
minutes.
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William Henry Fox Talbot also was experimenting
with his own method of photography. He dipped
paper into silver nitrate or silver chloride.
When exposed to light, it turned black where the
light hit it. These were the first negatives.
In order to get a positive image, one would lay
the negative image on another piece of
paper. Even though this lacked the detail of the
daguerreotypes, it allowed for many positive
images to be made.
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American George Eastman put flexible roll film on
the market in the 1880s. In 1889, he introduced
the first KODAK camera with the slogan, You push
the button and we do the rest.
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Basic Photo Vocabulary

• Aperture The size of the lens opening through
  which light passes. An adjustable piece of
  equipment inside a camera that lies between the
  lens and shutter. Light comes through the lens,
  gets funneled through the aperture that has been
  selected, and then recorded by the image sensor.
  The diameter is expressed in f-stops the lower
  the number, the larger the aperture.

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• Burn In To darken a specific are of a print by
  giving additional light.
• Contrast The difference in darkness or density
  between one tone and another.
• Crop To trim the edges of an image
• Dodge To lighten an area of a print by shading
  it during part of the printing exposure.
• Exposure The intensity of light multiplied by
  the length of time
• F-Stop The common term for the aperture setting
• Shutter A mechanism that opens and closes to
  admit light into a camera for a measured length
  of time.

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• Depth of Field The small range of allowable
  focusing error which will still produce an
  acceptable sharp image.

• Shallow depth of field
• 1/30th of a second exposure
• f 3.5 aperture value

• Greater depth of field
• 1.5 second exposure
• f 22 aperture value

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• For a shallow depth of field
• Set the aperature value as low as possible.
• Get as close to the primary subject as possible.
  
• You'll need lots of light.

• To maximize the depth of field
• Set the aperture value as high as possible.
• The farther away you are the greater the depth of
  field.
• A longer exposure will maximize the depth of
  field you may need a tripod, or other steady
  surface for your camera.

• Single Lens Reflex A camera in which the image,
  formed by the lens, is reflected by a mirror onto
  a ground-glass screen for viewing. The mirror
  swings out of the way just before exposure to let
  the image (light) reach the film (SLR).

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Digital Photography Vocabulary

• Application A computer program such as
  Photoshop
• Buffer Memory in the camera that stores digital
  photos before they are written to the memory
  card.
• CD-R CD-RW Compact discs that are recordable
  or re-writeable. Recordable CDs hold up to 700
  MB. Re-writable CDs can be re-written on several
  times.
• CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black The four
  colors in the inksets of many photo-quality
  printers. Some printers have up to 6 colors to
  achieve a more photographic print.
• DPI Dots per Inch A measurement of the
  resolution of a digital photo or digital device
  including cameras and printers. The higher the
  dpi, the better the resolution.

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• Fill Flash A flash technique used to brighten
  deep shadows. Some digital cameras include a
  fill flash mode that forces the camera to flash
  even in bright light.
• Grayscale A photo made up of varying tones of
  black and white.
• Histogram A graphic representation of the range
  of tones from dark to light in a photo. Some
  cameras include this as a feature that enables
  the precise check on the exposure.
• Resolution The number of pixels in a digital
  photo.
• Inkjet A printer that places ink on the paper
  by spraying it with drops of ink.
• Smart Media, Memory Stick, Compact Flash - storage

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• ISO speed A rating of a films sensitivity to
  light. Digital cameras have started to adopt the
  rating system for describing how sensitive the
  cameras imaging sensor can be. Some cameras
  have an ISO mode that will automatically control
  the camera for lighting conditions. As the ISO
  goes up, the quality of the picture goes down.
• Red-Eye The red glow in the subjects eye
  caused by flash.
• RGB Red, Green, Blue the 3 colors to which the
  eyes, digital cameras, and many other devices are
  sensitive.
• Saturation How rich the colors are.
• Shutter Speed A measurement of how long the
  shutter remains open. The slower the speed, the
  longer the exposure. When the shutter speed is
  set on 1/125, this means that the shutter will be
  open for 1/125th of a second.

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• White Balance A function on the camera that
  compensates for different colors of light being
  emitted by different light sources.
• Digital Zoom Software inside the camera that
  zooms in on the subject rather than using a true
  lens. The camera discards pixels on the edge and
  enlarges the center subject area.
• Compression A large number of pixels results in
  a high resolution but required lots of computer
  space. Compression describes a process that
  eliminates some of the data in order to reduce
  the amount of space needed.
• FireWire A type of cabling technology for
  transferring data to and from digital devices at
  high speed.
• USB Universal Serial Bus a way to transfer
  data from one digital device to another

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Photo Modes
Landscape Mode A mode in which a photographer
to capture panoramic, scenic views and distant
objects.
Panoramic Mode A mode that allows you to line
up several consecutive shots to put together when
edited.
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Portrait Mode A mode that highlights the
subject sharp and clear while lightly fading the
background.
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Macro Mode A mode that allows you to get close
to your subject, sometimes within inches.
Night Mode A mode that captures subjects
against the backdrop of an evening sky or night
scene. The subject is illuminated with light
from the flash while the backdrop is captured at
a slower shutter speed so that both appear.
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Tv Mode When in this mode, the camera will
automatically select an aperture value while you
set the shutter speed. Faster shutter speed
allows you to catch a quick moving subject while
a slower speed creates a shadow effect and can
allow you to shoot without a flash in dark areas.
Remember that a faster shutter speed means less
light through the lens. Av Mode When in this
mode, the camera will automatically select the
shutter speed while you set the aperture. A
lower aperture (opening the aperture) allows you
to fade the background. A higher aperture
(closing it) brings the entire background into
focus while the foreground blurs. Remember the
larger the aperture, the clearer the image will
be. M mode The Manual mode This mode allows
you to manually set both the aperture and shutter
speed.
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File Formats

• Pixel Picture element building blocks of a
  digital photo.
• Megapixel Equal to one million pixels.
• Megabyte (MB) Measurement of data equal to 1024
  kilobytes (KB)
• JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group A
  standard for compressing and image. JPEG is not
  a file format but a way to compress the film.
  Most of the time, some quality is lost when an
  image is saved in JPEG format. A high quality,
  low compression JPEG setting is chosen on a
  camera, the loss of quality is not detectable.
• RAW the RAW image format is the data that comes
  directly from the camera with no in-camera
  processing.

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BMP Bitmap common file format that are not
compressed. GIF graphics Interchange format A
format that was created specifically for
graphics. GIF files can reduce image size
without losing important data. Files are larger
than JPEG. TIFF Tagged Image File Format
TIFF files do not compress the image data and
keeps all the fine detail that was initially
captured by the camera. TIFF files are very
large files and take up lots of space. How well
do you know your camera?
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