Instructional Strategies

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Instructional Strategies

• Instructional Design Course
• Kent State University
• Albert L. Ingram, Ph.D.

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Components of an Instructional Strategy

• Which of the following is NOT a component of an
  instructional strategy?
• Sequence of objectives taught
• Media to be used in the instruction
• Choice of which objectives to teach
• Methods and tactics of instruction

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Components of an Instructional Strategy

• Defining the components of instructional
  strategies
• Sequence of objectives taught
• What order?
• Who decides and when?
• Media to be used in the instruction
• What difference does it make?
• Why do you choose different media?
• Methods and tactics of instruction
• What are the actual events and interactions?

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Possible Sequences

• Here are several possible sequences of
  instruction. Add at least two more.
• Chronological
• Concrete to Abstract
• Linear
• ????
• ????

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Some Other Sequences

• Pre-requisite order
• Hierarchy sequence determined by student
  performance
• Learner controlled
• Backward chaining
• Whole to part/part to whole
• Egrul/Ruleg
• Topical

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Grouping Objectives

• Do you have to teach each objective explicitly
  and separately?
• Why or why not?

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Factors Affecting Grouping

• Age of Learners
• ???? of the Material
• Type of ????
• Whether the activity can be ????
• Time available to include events of instruction

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What are Media of Instruction?

• Carriers of Instruction?
• Does the medium affect the message?
• Factors in Choosing Media

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Methods and Tactics

• Presentation
• Mode
• Cues
• Advice
• Examples
• Interactions
• Questions
• Tasks

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Nine Events of Instruction

• Gaining ????
• Informing learner of the ????
• Stimulating ???? of prerequisite learning

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Nine Events of Instruction

• Gaining attention
• Informing learner of the objectives
• Stimulating recall of prerequisite learning

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Nine Events of Instruction - 2

• Presenting the ???? material
• Providing ???? guidance
• Eliciting the ????
• Providing ???? about performance

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Nine Events of Instruction - 2

• Presenting the stimulus material
• Providing learning guidance
• Eliciting the performance
• Providing feedback about performance

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Nine Events of Instruction -3

• ???? the performance
• Enhancing ???? and transfer

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Nine Events of Instruction -3

• Assessing the performance
• Enhancing retention and transfer

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Motivational Design

• Attention
• Relevance
• Confidence
• Satisfaction

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Examples and Practice Items

• How similar to final outcome?
• Varying
• Enough

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Instructional Strategies for Specific Types of
Learning

• Verbal Information
• Intellectual Skills
• Concepts
• Rules
• Procedures
• Problem Solving
• Motor Skills
• Attitudes

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Verbal Information

• Context
• Link to known
• Organizational structure
• Subsets
• Mnemonics
• Technology can be useful
• Drill

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Intellectual Skills - Concepts

• Distinguishing characteristics
• Ruleg and egrul
• Examples
• Practice
• Choosing examples and practice items
• Feedback

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Intellectual Skills -- Rules

• Kinds of rules
• Natural connection
• Consequences
• Verbal knowledge of rules vs. use

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Intellectual Skills - Procedures

• Backward Chaining
• Clustering Steps
• Knowledge vs. use

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Intellectual Skills -- Problem Solving

• Metacognition
• Recall of subordinate rules
• Modelling
• New tasks
• Problem variations

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Motor Skills

• Executive routines to automaticity
• Practice, practice, practice

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Attitudes

• Feelings, behaviors, cognition
• Modelling
• Respected Model
• Cognitive Dissonance