Capacity Enhancement for Air Quality Management

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Capacity Enhancementfor Air Quality Management

• John E. Hay
• Senior Advisor
• UNEP/ROAP

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Capacity Enhancement

• Alternative,
• but not identical terms
• Capacity Building
• Capability Enhancement

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Broader Dimensions of Capacity

• Economic wealth
• Technology
• Information and skills
• Infrastructure
• Institutions and Institutional Systems
• Equity

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Evolution of Approaches to Managing Urban Air
Quality
?
?
Sustainable Ecosystems
2000s
2000s
Problem Prevention
Problem Prevention
1990s
1990s
Problem Solving
Problem Solving
1980s
1980s
Problem Fixing
Problem Fixing
1970s
1970s
Changing Requirements For Air Quality Management
Problem
Problem
Identification
Identification
1960s
1960s
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Strategies for AQ Management

• Land use (zoning) approach
• Regulate emissions from point sources
• Regulate emissions to achieve ambient AQ targets
• Regulate emissions to avoid unacceptable impacts
  on the environment, including humans

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Air Quality Management as

• discrete measures or actions (e.g.
• emission controls
• fuel substitution
• inspection and maintenance
• establishing standards
• raising awareness)
• the capacity to manage the air quality
• an evolving, dynamic, integrated process

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The Air Quality Management Process
Knowledge, Methods, and Tools (e.g. monitoring,
dispersion modelling, emission inventories)
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The Pressure-State-Response Model
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Components of an AQ Management Plan
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Capacity Enhancement (cont.)1. Methods and Tools

• Examples Access to
• Ambient and emissions monitoring equipment
• Inventory methodologies
• Atmospheric dispersion models and input data
• Information for setting standards/guidelines
• Information for selecting performance indicators

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Capacity Enhancement (cont.)2. Building
Knowledge and Understanding

• Examples Strengthened ability to undertake
• Technical assessments
• Airshed carrying capacity
• Guideline exceedances
• Photochemical smog potential
• Reviews of best practices
• Assessments of air pollution technologies

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Capacity Enhancement3. Development of Policies
and Plans

• Examples Strengthened ability to
• Assess policy options
• Ensure stakeholder communication participation
• Select most effective policy option
• Assess effectiveness of implemented policies

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Capacity Enhancement4. Mainstreaming AQ
Management

• Examples Strengthened
• Mandate to manage air quality
• Institutional support
• Political support
• Integration of AQ regulations in national
  environmental and development plans

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Capacity Enhancement5. Implementation

• Examples Strengthened capabilities regarding
• Funding of implementation costs
• Expertise to support implementation
• Communication, empowerment participation of
  stakeholders
• Compliance and enforcement
• Monitoring
• Reporting
• Prosecuting

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Capacity Enhancement6. Monitoring and Evaluating
Effectiveness of the AQ Management Plans
and Policies

• Examples Increased capability to
• Establish performance criteria and suitable
  indicators
• Monitor performance of plans and policies
• Assess performance
• Recommend responses that remedy failures and
  build on successes

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Capacity Enhancement7. Multi-partner Approaches

• Examples Increased capability to
• Identify partners and stakeholders
• Government (local, central)
• Private sector
• Civil society
• Regional and international organisations
• Financiers/Donors
• Resolve potential conflicts
• Harmonise approaches, achieving economies of
  scale

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Challenges in Air Quality Management

• Examples
• Prevention vs control
• Minimization of waste vs emission of waste
• Internalizing environmental costs
• Cumulative impacts spatial and temporal
• Recognition of interdependencies
• Central vs local management

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Approaches

• Improved capacity to maintain or enhance air
  quality in ways that are sustainable and
• responsive to identified needs and values
• integrated, strategic and comprehensive
• assured of achieving the desired results
• supportive of related policies (e.g. appropriate
  economic and social development)
• innovative, but consistent with traditional
  indigenous practices
• cost effective and add value to other initiatives
• encourage complementary activities

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Conclusions..

• AQ management
• Is an evolving, dynamic and integrated process
• Faces diverse challenges including inadequate
  capacity to manage effectively
• Approaches need to be sustainable, integrated,
  strategic and comprehensive
• Capacity enhancement is more than capacity
  building
• Growing number of tools, methodologies and
  capacity enhancement activities
• Must ensure they address the needs and
  capabilities of the target groups