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Essay Writing

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Title: Essay Writing


1
Essay Writing
2
Urban land-use models provide valuable tools for
studying the internal structure of cities, but
their applicability to large cities of the world
has been undermined by physical and historical
elements as well as modern-city development.
  • In what ways are Burgesss and Hoyts urban
    land-use models similar to each order? Using
    large cities in different parts of the world as
    examples, explain how these models fail to
    generalize their land-use patterns. To what
    extent are these models useful to town planners?

3
  • Similarities of the two models
  • Deviation of the land-use patterns of some cities
    from these models
  • Usefulness of the models to urban planners

4
Similarities of the two models
Burgess
Hoyt
5
Similarities of the two models
  • Both models focus on importance of accessibility
  • Centrally-located Central Business District
  • Clear-cut boundaries between land-use zones
  • Study of ground-floor function instead of the
    three-dimensional study
  • Residential segregation according to
    socio-economic status

6
Similarities of the two models
  • Lower-income group located near the factory zone
  • Higher-income group located distant from
    lower-income group and factory zone

7
Deviation of the land-use patterns of some cities
from these models
  • Both models base on cities developed on
    uniform/flat land surface
  • Relief affects the shape, expansion and land-use
    zoning of cities (e.g. Hong Kong, Rio de Janeiro)
  • Hilly areas make transport development difficult
    and are unattractive to industrial / commercial
    land uses, but sometimes attract housing
    (squatter on cheap/illegal land luxurious
    housing with good view)

8
  • Waterfront location attract water transport
    facilities (wharves, terminals, piers), port
    industries for their accessibility and high
    income housing for their scenic value.
  • Cities with a long history of development (e.g.
    Chinese and European cities) usually consist
    mixed land uses (commercial-residential) rather
    than clear-cut land use zones
  • Old city core(historical buildings serving as
    cultural/religious/parliamentary centre) in
    addition to modern C.B.D.

9
  • Cities with colonial history (e.g. South-east
    Asian cities) co-existence of indigenous sector
    and western sector (commercial, industrial and
    residential land uses)
  • Modern developments offices/ commercial
    buildings/industrial estates located in different
    parts of the city
  • Polycentric replaces monocentric patterns
    (multiple-nuclei development secondary
    commercial centres, industrial and residential
    suburbs)

10
  • Cities engulfing small towns in their
    neighbourhood and merging of cities as a result
    of suburbanization, forming an extensive urban
    area (mega city / extended metropolitan region)
    with multiple centres and a complex of land use
    zones
  • Modern housing replacing older / shanty parts of
    the city as a result of urban redevelopment
    programmes
  • High-income housing often locate close to
    high-technology industrial area (where pollution
    is carefully-controlled)

11
Usefulness of the models to urban planners
  • Objectives of urban planning
  • Improvement of living conditions, traffic flow
    and socio-economic development in cities
  • Need for land-use zoning orderly arrangement of
    business, industrial and residential areas (land
    use designated prior to development)

12
  • Consideration of
  • Accessibility / distance-decay mechanism sites
    near city centre or nodal points for commercial
    function
  • Different requirements of various land users
  • City centre the most expensive site for
    commercialfunctions
  • Zones of better environmental quality for
    higher-income housing
  • Manufacturing areas with extensive cheap land
    and good accessibility

13
  • -lower income housing close to manufacturing /
    zones of lesser environmental quality
  • Redevelopment of inner city areas high-density
    housing, factory areas mixed with lower income
    housing
  • Improvement of intra-urban transport network
    (road and mass-transit systems) to facilities the
    flow of goods and people between different
    functional zones

14
  • How are urban centres classified and spatially
    organised according to Christallers theory?
    Using the urban network of a selected region,
    describe the spatial pattern of towns and cities.
    Discuss how the spatial pattern can be explained
    in terms of local physical and economic conditions

15
Urban hierarchy
hamlet
village
town
16
Urban Hierarchy
No. of Function
City
Town
Village
Population
17
(No Transcript)
18
  • Classification of urban centres based on CPT
  • Urban network/spatial pattern of selected region
  • Explanation of the spatial pattern

19
Classification of urban centres based on CPT
  • According to Christaller, urban centres are
    treated as central places that provided goods and
    services to surrounding hinterlands. The
    functions of the centres according to the market
    threshold and the range of goods govern the size
    of urban settlement. An urban hierarchy is formed
    relating to the orders of goods offered by the
    urban centre.

20
  • The order of a function is governed by
  • The market threshold. The higher the order, the
    larger will be the threshold population
  • The range of goods. The higher the order, the
    longer the distance of the customers will go to
    buy the goods
  • A functional hierarchy is established
  • The larger urban centres will have more and
    higher order functions than small centres

21
  • The spatial characteristics of the urban
    hierarchy will be
  • (a) Centres of a given order tend to have
    hinterlands of similar area. Lower order centres
    have small hinterland, while higher order centres
    serve large areas. The increase in hinterland
    area from one to the next is by a constant ratio
    of k-value

22
  • (b) Centres of a similar order or class size are
    scattered evenly across the countryside. Lower
    order centres are close together, while higher
    cebtres are more widely spaced. The increase in
    distance apart of successively higher order
    centres is by a constant value of v3 times the
    spacing of the next lower order centres

23
  • this illustrates the concept that urban networks
    are not just haphazard arrangements of
    settlements scattered at random across the
    countryside, but rather are orderly systems in
    which there is some pattern and regularity in the
    size and spacing of centres.

24
Urban network/spatial pattern of selected region
  • Description of the spatial pattern
  • Identify the orders of urban settlements
    according to the chief functions and population
    size
  • A discussion on the overall pattern
  • uniformly spaced even distribution of urban
    centres over the tributary area or irregularly
    spaced?

25
  • whether a continuum or discrete classes of
    central place in the region?
  • or clear-cut dominance of certain head-linked
    cities over the other smaller towns?

26
Explanation of the spatial pattern
  • The physical conditions
  • Relief clustering of settlement on the plain
    and dispersion over the hills
  • Fertility of the land governs the distribution of
    the productive hinterlands
  • Drainage pattern governs the communication
  • The economic conditions
  • Communication routeways
  • Population distribution

27
  • Difference in patterns of employment within the
    studied region whether there are market towns or
    industrial towns
  • Industrial agglomerations increasing population
    concentrations and functions over the head-linked
    cities may lead to tendency of metropolitan
    primacy
  • Other factors may be of importance
  • Government policies / region planning
  • Political boundary/parish boundaries
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