Title: Essay Writing
1Essay Writing
2Urban land-use models provide valuable tools for
studying the internal structure of cities, but
their applicability to large cities of the world
has been undermined by physical and historical
elements as well as modern-city development.
- In what ways are Burgesss and Hoyts urban
land-use models similar to each order? Using
large cities in different parts of the world as
examples, explain how these models fail to
generalize their land-use patterns. To what
extent are these models useful to town planners?
3- Similarities of the two models
- Deviation of the land-use patterns of some cities
from these models - Usefulness of the models to urban planners
4Similarities of the two models
Burgess
Hoyt
5Similarities of the two models
- Both models focus on importance of accessibility
- Centrally-located Central Business District
- Clear-cut boundaries between land-use zones
- Study of ground-floor function instead of the
three-dimensional study - Residential segregation according to
socio-economic status
6Similarities of the two models
- Lower-income group located near the factory zone
- Higher-income group located distant from
lower-income group and factory zone
7Deviation of the land-use patterns of some cities
from these models
- Both models base on cities developed on
uniform/flat land surface - Relief affects the shape, expansion and land-use
zoning of cities (e.g. Hong Kong, Rio de Janeiro) - Hilly areas make transport development difficult
and are unattractive to industrial / commercial
land uses, but sometimes attract housing
(squatter on cheap/illegal land luxurious
housing with good view)
8- Waterfront location attract water transport
facilities (wharves, terminals, piers), port
industries for their accessibility and high
income housing for their scenic value. - Cities with a long history of development (e.g.
Chinese and European cities) usually consist
mixed land uses (commercial-residential) rather
than clear-cut land use zones - Old city core(historical buildings serving as
cultural/religious/parliamentary centre) in
addition to modern C.B.D.
9- Cities with colonial history (e.g. South-east
Asian cities) co-existence of indigenous sector
and western sector (commercial, industrial and
residential land uses) - Modern developments offices/ commercial
buildings/industrial estates located in different
parts of the city - Polycentric replaces monocentric patterns
(multiple-nuclei development secondary
commercial centres, industrial and residential
suburbs)
10- Cities engulfing small towns in their
neighbourhood and merging of cities as a result
of suburbanization, forming an extensive urban
area (mega city / extended metropolitan region)
with multiple centres and a complex of land use
zones - Modern housing replacing older / shanty parts of
the city as a result of urban redevelopment
programmes - High-income housing often locate close to
high-technology industrial area (where pollution
is carefully-controlled)
11Usefulness of the models to urban planners
- Objectives of urban planning
- Improvement of living conditions, traffic flow
and socio-economic development in cities - Need for land-use zoning orderly arrangement of
business, industrial and residential areas (land
use designated prior to development)
12- Consideration of
- Accessibility / distance-decay mechanism sites
near city centre or nodal points for commercial
function - Different requirements of various land users
- City centre the most expensive site for
commercialfunctions - Zones of better environmental quality for
higher-income housing - Manufacturing areas with extensive cheap land
and good accessibility
13- -lower income housing close to manufacturing /
zones of lesser environmental quality - Redevelopment of inner city areas high-density
housing, factory areas mixed with lower income
housing - Improvement of intra-urban transport network
(road and mass-transit systems) to facilities the
flow of goods and people between different
functional zones
14- How are urban centres classified and spatially
organised according to Christallers theory?
Using the urban network of a selected region,
describe the spatial pattern of towns and cities.
Discuss how the spatial pattern can be explained
in terms of local physical and economic conditions
15Urban hierarchy
hamlet
village
town
16Urban Hierarchy
No. of Function
City
Town
Village
Population
17(No Transcript)
18- Classification of urban centres based on CPT
- Urban network/spatial pattern of selected region
- Explanation of the spatial pattern
19Classification of urban centres based on CPT
- According to Christaller, urban centres are
treated as central places that provided goods and
services to surrounding hinterlands. The
functions of the centres according to the market
threshold and the range of goods govern the size
of urban settlement. An urban hierarchy is formed
relating to the orders of goods offered by the
urban centre.
20- The order of a function is governed by
- The market threshold. The higher the order, the
larger will be the threshold population - The range of goods. The higher the order, the
longer the distance of the customers will go to
buy the goods - A functional hierarchy is established
- The larger urban centres will have more and
higher order functions than small centres
21- The spatial characteristics of the urban
hierarchy will be - (a) Centres of a given order tend to have
hinterlands of similar area. Lower order centres
have small hinterland, while higher order centres
serve large areas. The increase in hinterland
area from one to the next is by a constant ratio
of k-value
22- (b) Centres of a similar order or class size are
scattered evenly across the countryside. Lower
order centres are close together, while higher
cebtres are more widely spaced. The increase in
distance apart of successively higher order
centres is by a constant value of v3 times the
spacing of the next lower order centres
23- this illustrates the concept that urban networks
are not just haphazard arrangements of
settlements scattered at random across the
countryside, but rather are orderly systems in
which there is some pattern and regularity in the
size and spacing of centres.
24Urban network/spatial pattern of selected region
- Description of the spatial pattern
- Identify the orders of urban settlements
according to the chief functions and population
size - A discussion on the overall pattern
- uniformly spaced even distribution of urban
centres over the tributary area or irregularly
spaced?
25- whether a continuum or discrete classes of
central place in the region? - or clear-cut dominance of certain head-linked
cities over the other smaller towns?
26Explanation of the spatial pattern
- The physical conditions
- Relief clustering of settlement on the plain
and dispersion over the hills - Fertility of the land governs the distribution of
the productive hinterlands - Drainage pattern governs the communication
- The economic conditions
- Communication routeways
- Population distribution
27- Difference in patterns of employment within the
studied region whether there are market towns or
industrial towns - Industrial agglomerations increasing population
concentrations and functions over the head-linked
cities may lead to tendency of metropolitan
primacy - Other factors may be of importance
- Government policies / region planning
- Political boundary/parish boundaries