Organic by default A First Evaluation for Turkey

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Organic by default A First Evaluation for Turkey

• Prof. Dr. H. Alper Güzel
• Yrd.Doç. Dr. Kürsat Demiryürek
• Ondokuz Mayis Üniversitesi

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Content

• Industrialization, Regional Development, Poverty
  Reduction and Organic Agriculture A tour in the
  Literature
• Green Revolution and Organic by Default
• Turkish Case
• Results and Policy Implications

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Green Revolution

• Inorganic Fertilizers
• Pesticides, Herbicides
• High Yielding Varieties including GMO
• Mechanization
• Extensive Irrigation

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Productivity?

• Green Revolution has led to substantial
  productivity gains over the last 50 years.
• The story of English wheat is typical. It took
  nearly 1,000 years for wheat yields to increase
  from 0.5 to 2 metric tons per hectare, but only
  40years to climb from 2 to 6 metric tons per
  hectare.
• By 1970, about 20 percent of the wheat area and
  30 percent of the rice area in developing
  countries were planted to HYVs, and by 1990, the
  share had increased to about 70 percent for both
  crops. Yields of rice and wheat virtually
  doubled.
• 
  GREEN REVOLUTION Curse or Blessing?
  Peter Hazell

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Macroeconomic Policy

• Industrialization through Import substitution
• Overvalued exchange rates
• Control and restriction on foreign currency
• Creates incentive to import
• Import restrictions through tariffs and quotas
• Creates disincentive to export
• Traditional exporting sectors such as agriculture
  is taxed.
• Fig, grapes, raisins, apricot, hazelnut, tobacco
  etc.

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Agricultural Policy? Who benefited?

• Price support- government procurement
• Input subsidy
• Agricultural credit
• Fertilizers and Pesticides
• Subsidized Irrigation
• Farmers who have acces to land and credit
  benefited. Income inqeuality in agriculture
  increased.

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Poverty and Equality

• Recent evidence shows that Green Revolution
  Technologies could not eliminate poverty. The
  success would require
• a scale neutral technology package that can be
  profitably adopted on farms of all sizes
• an equitable distribution of land with secure
  ownership or tenancy rights
• efficient input, credit, and product markets so
  that farms of all sizes have access to modern
  farm inputs and information and are able to
  receive similar prices for their products
• policies that do not discriminate against small
  farms and landless laborers (for instance, no
  subsidies on mechanization and no scale biases in
  agricultural research and extension
• P. Hazell (IFPRI 2002)

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Environment

• Excessive and inappropriate use of fertilizers
  and pesticides has polluted waterways, poisoned
  agricultural workers, and killed beneficial
  insects and other wildlife. Irrigation practices
  have led to salt build-up and eventual
  abandonment of some of the best agriculture
  lands. Heavy dependence on a few major cereal
  varieties has led to the loss of biodiversity on
  farm
• the green revolution has, at its worst,
  increased inequality, worsened absolute poverty,
  and resulted environmental degradation. IFPRI
  2002

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Organic by Default

• The term organic by default refers small-scale
  producers without access to modern farming input
  who are organic for lack of any alternative.
  Johannsen et. al. 2005.

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Green Revolution vs Organic by Default

Johannsen et. Al. 2005
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Can Organic Agriculture be a Development Strategy?

• Organic agriculture increases the income of
  producers?
• Premium prices?
• Lower inputs?
• Costs of Advisory and Certification?
• Productivity ?
• Lower yields in conversion process?
• Higher Yields?

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Yields in Certified and Non-Certified Organic
Projects Adapted from Shiva (2005)

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Poor Farmers and Organic Agriculture

• potential price premiums for organic products
• Recent evidence shows that OA can improve the
  incomes and living standards of poor farmers
• by building on assets which poor farmers have
• land free from intensive use of chemicals,
• excess labor,
• traditional knowledge of production system

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What needs to be done?

• Suitable region
• Necessary technology and extension services
• Initial capital for Certification, seeds and
  organic inputs
• Marketing

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Organic Area by Regions

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Organic Agriculture Area and Use of Chemicals by
Region

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CORRELATIONS (for 81 provinces) Correlation is
significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
(2-tailed). (Spearman's rho)

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Possible Candidates for Organic by Default

• Less Developed (20)
• MUS, AGRI, BITLIS, SIRNAK, HAKKARI, BINGÖL, VAN,
  ARDAHAN, SIIRT, MARDIN, GÜMÜSHANE, BATMAN, IGDIR,
  SANLIURFA, KARS, BAYBURT, ADIYAMAN, YOZGAT,
  DIYARBAKIR, ORDU
• Less Pesticide and Herbicide Use (20)
• ARDAHAN, RIZE, HAKKARI, ERZURUM, BAYBURT, VAN,
  KARS, BITLIS, GÜMÜSHANE, BARTIN, MUS, KARABÜK,
  AGRI, IGDIR, SIVAS, ÇANKIRI, ÇORUM, KÜTAHYA,
  AFYON, YOZGAT
• Less Fertilizer Use (20)
• HAKKARI, TUNCELI, BINGÖL, VAN, ARTVIN, GÜMÜSHANE,
  BITLIS, AGRI, BAYBURT, MUS, KARABÜK, IGDIR,
  ERZURUM, SINOP, KARS, KILIS, ARDAHAN, KARAMAN,
  SIRNAK, SIVAS

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Candidates for Organic by Default

• MUS, AGRI, BITLIS, HAKKARI, VAN, ARDAHAN,
  GÜMÜSHANE, IGDIR, BAYBURT

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What needs to be done?

• Suitable region
• Necessary technology and extension services
• Initial capital for Certification, seeds and
  organic inputs
• Marketing

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Public Good?

• Which part of Organic Agriculture is Public
  Good?
• What kind of policies we have to develop?

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• Thank You