QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

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QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

• A/Professor Denis McLaughlin
• School of Educational Leadership

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QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

• You have a book of readings with relevant
  extracts from the following books. They must be
  read
• Dey, I (1993) Qualitative data analysis, London
  Routledge
• Miles, M Huberman, A (1984). Qualitative data
  analysis, Newbury park Sage
• Miles, M Huberman, A (1994). Qualitative data
  analysis An expanded source book (2nd edition),
  Thousand Oakes Sage
• Coffey, A. Atkinson, P.(1996).Making sense of
  qualitative data, Thousand Oaes Sage
• Marshall, C. Rossman, G. (1989).Designing
  qualitative research. Newbury Park Sage
• Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research, New York
  Falmer Press
• Creswell, J. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and
  research design, Thousand Oaks Sage
• Creswell, J. (2002). Analyzing and interpreting
  qualitative data (pp256-283). In J Creswell,
  Educational research, Thousand Oaks Sage
• Maykut, P. Morehouse, R. (1994) Qualitative
  data analysis using the constant comparative
  method , In P. Maykut R. Morehouse, Beginning
  qualitative research, London Falmer Press

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RESEARCH STRATEGY IDENTIFICATION

• RESEARCH PROBLEM

RESEARCH PURPOSE
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
ISSUES TO BE EXPLORED
APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES
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OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Data Collection
Data display
Data reduction
Conclusions drawing / verifying
(Miles Huberman, 1984 1994)
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INTERACTIVE PROCESS OF DATA ANALYSIS

• Data collection

Data display
Reflection on Data
SIMULTANEOUS
ITERATIVE
Data Coding
Data distillation (reduction
Generation of Themes
Story interpretation
Research Conclusions
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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (Dey, 1993)
describing
Connecting
Classifying
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Qualitative analysis as an iterative spiral
Dey, 1993
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DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

• In this section of your Design chapter mention
  the following characteristics of the process
• Data analysis is an eclectic process (Tesch,1990)
• Occurs simultaneously and iterative with data
  collection, data interpretation and report
  writing (Creswell, 2002 Miles Huberman, 1984)
• Is based on the on data reduction and
  interpretation -decontextualisation
  recontextualisation (Marshall Rossman, 1989
  Tesch, 1990)

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2. Data Analysis Procedures

• Represents information in matrices-displays of
  information , spatial format that presents
  information systematically to reader
• (Miles and Huberman, 1984)
• A I page example of this must be placed in this
  chapter eventually
• Display categories by informants, sites and other
  
• Tables of tabular information showing
  relationships among categories of information
• Identifies the coding procedure to be used to
  reduce information to themes / categories (Read
  Tesch, 1990, pp142-145).

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Categorisation and Themes

1. Constant comparative content analysis
2. Themes generated from the literature review
3. Themes embedded in instrument questions
4. Themes embedded in research questions
5. Combination of any of above

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DATA ORGANISATION(Miles Huberman, 1994)

• DEVELOP MATRICES VISUAL IMAGES OF INFORMATION
• Comparison tables themes, participants, sites
• Heirarchical trees visually representing themes
  their relations
• Figures in boxes to indicate the processes,
  time sequence, evolution of themes
• Organising the data by type interviews,
  observations, documents
• Organising by participants or sites
  combinations
• See Michael Dredges Power point at the end of
  this sequence on this issue

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DATA ANALYSIS

• MANUAL
• LESS THAN 500 PAGES OF TRANSCRIPTS OR FIELD NOTES
• WANT TO FEEL CLOSE TO DATA
• CANNOT AFFORD TO HAVE ALL INTERVIEWS TRANSCRIBED
• (4 HRS TO TRANSCRIBE 1 HR TAPE INTERVIEW)
• COMPUTER
• MORE THAN 500 PAGES OF DATA
• CAN AFFORD PROGRAM AND TRANSCRIBER
• ATLAS.ti
• QSR N5 (NUD8IST 5.0)
• NVivo
• Ethnograph
• WinMAX
• HyperResearch

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CODING DATA (see Tesch, pp142 -145)

• 1. Get sense of whole read all carefully
• 2. Pick one document what is its underlying
  meaning write thoughts themes in margin
• 3. Do this for several informants Cluster
  together similar topics arrange topics into
  major topics, unique topics, left overs
• 4. Revisit data with topics Abbreviate the
  topics as codes Re-analyse. Do new codes emerge?
• 5. Turn topics into themes
• 6. Reduce number of themes by grouping similar
  themes
• 7. Diagrammatize the basics of the numbers 5 6
• 8. Finalise abbreviations- alphabetise codes
• 9. Perform preliminary analysis on material
  belonging to each theme
• 10. If necessary, recode existing data
• Always include in your design chapter a page of
  text (exhibit 4.x) illustrating the how you code
  the text

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CODING PROCESS (Creswell, 2002) (Matrix example)
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Description of Data Analysis (Matrix example)
In your analysis chapter you would present a
diagram such as this at the beginning but with
actual contextual material to illustrate the flow
of your analysis. You would flag this overview
in your Design chapter and refer specifically to
it
Stage 1 Data collection, display reflection
Stage 2 Data coding distillation
Stage 3 Generation of key themes
Stage 4 Story report conclusions
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Data Collection Techniques Stages for Data Collection (Matrix example) Stages for Data Collection (Matrix example)
Exploratory Phase Step 1a Initial Exploratory Survey Conducted in 1998 1st Visit to PNG Meet various stakeholders SSSP graduates, personnel from tertiary institutions, NDOE, parents etc
Exploratory Phase Step 1b Analyze responses for trends and patterns
Exploratory Phase Step 2 Select stratified sample from step 1 according to predetermined criteria for individual interviews recipients in employment recipients at universities recipients at vocational institutions
Individual In-depth Interviews Focus Groups Step 3 Interview selected sample
Individual In-depth Interviews Focus Groups Step 4 Focus groups at universities and colleges
Individual In-depth Interviews Focus Groups Step 5 Analyse data collected in step 3 and 4
Individual In-depth Interviews Focus Groups Step 6 Interview selected officials, personnel from tertiary institutions, employers, parents guardians
Documentary Final analysis Step 7 Analyse official interviews
Documentary Final analysis Step 8 Analyse interviews of secondary sources
Documentary Final analysis Step 9 Document analysis
Documentary Final analysis Step 10 Final analysis