Liquid Fuels

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Liquid Fuels
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Types of Fuels

• Liquid Hydrocarbon fuels may be
• Paraffins straight chain compounds like methane,
  ethane, propane, etc. or branched chain compounds
  (isomers) like iso-butane, iso-heptane (like
  2,2,3 tri-methyl butane or triptane) and
  iso-octane (like 2,2,4 tri-methyl pentane).
• Olefins Open chain unsaturated hydrocarbons with
  a double bond like ethene or propylene which also
  have straight and branched chain compounds.
• Diolefins These are olefins with 2 double bonds.
  
• Both types of olefins produce gum when reacted
  with oxygen which can block fuel filters.

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Types of Fuels (Continued)

• 4. Alkynes Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a
  triple bond. A typical example is acetylene or
  ethyne.
• Napthenes or Cycloparaffins Have same general
  formula as monoolefins but are saturated
  compounds with a ring structure. Examples are
  cyclopropane, cyclobutane etc.
• Aromatics Ring structured unsaturated
  hydrocarbons with double bonds but more stable
  than the parafffinc double bond hydrocarbons.
  Examples are benzene, toluene, naphthalenes, and
  anthracenes.
• The molecular weight of a hydrocarbon is given
  by
• Mol. Wt.12x y
• where x carbon no. y no. of H atoms

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Gasoline from Methanol
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Gasoline from Methanol
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General Formulas for Organic Compounds found in
Crude Oil
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Differences Between Coa and and Petroleum
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Composition of typical crude oil

• Carbon 80-89
• Hydrogen 12-14
• Nitrogen 0.3-1.0
• Sulfur 0.3-3.0
• Oxygen 2.0-3.0
• Plus oxygenated compounds like phenols, fatty
  acids, ketones and metallic elements like
  vanadium and nickel.

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Typical Refinery Products
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Products from Asphalt-based Crude
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Products from Paraffin-based Crude
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Refinery processes

• Distillation Continuous, Atmospheric, and
  Vacuum.
• Cracking Thermal, Catalytic and Hydro.
• Reforming Thermal, Catalytic and Hydro
• Polymerization
• Alkylation
• Isomerization
• Hydrogenation

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Likely Fuels from Various Primary Energy
Resources with Conversion Efficiencies
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Petroleum Crude Conversion to Oil
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Coal Conversion to Oil
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Oil Shale Conversion to Oil
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