REDUPLICATION Form, Function Distribution

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REDUPLICATIONForm, FunctionDistribution

• Carl Rubino
• cr_at_hoje.com

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Part I

• FORM

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Two categories considered

• Full (root) Reduplication
• Tagalog intensive verbs
• mag-isip to think
• mag-isip-isip to ponder (seriously)
• Nez Perce lexical (Aoki 196343)
• temul hail vs. temultémul sleet

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Partial Reduplication

• From lengthening/gemination to nearly full root
• Pangasinan (Austronesian, Philippines)
• CV- toó man gt totóo CV- people amígo
  friend
• -CV- amimígo friends
• CVC- báley town gt CVC- balbáley towns
• C1V- plato plate gt C1V- papláto plates
• CVCV- manók chicken CVCV- gt manómanók
  chickens
• Ce- duég carabao gt Ce- deréweg carabaos.
  (Rubino 2001)

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Reduplicative Productivity

• Historical Loss, Ancient gt Modern Greek
• Ce- perfect, ?é-?rapha have written
• Modern periphrasitc equivalent éxo ?rápsi (have
  participial form).
• Retained forms in learned words
• de-do-mena (Ce-give-mediopassive) data
• ?e-?on-os (Ce-become/happen-perfect) event.

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Reduplicative Productivity (cont.)

• Nonproductive reduplicative borrowing in Greek
• Tsir-tsiplakis buck naked
• Cf. Turkish bem-beyaz very white
• Brian Joseph, p.c.

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Reduplicative Productivity (cont.)

• Indonesian Ce- vs. Full
• tua old tetua elders
• tangga ladder tetangga neighbor
• laki male, husband lelaki man
• luhur noble leluhur ancestor
• Full (Lexicalized Inflectional)
• mata eye matamata spy
• langit sky langitlangit ceiling
• gula sugar gulagula sweets

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Universal?

• Languages that productively employ partial
  reduplication usually also employ full
  reduplication. (Moravcsik 1978328)
• Squamish (Kuipers 1967)
• total k a'i5/k ai5 'play hide and seek' from
  the root k ai5
• partial s-l'll'lmut 'old people'
• from the singular s-l'lmu't

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What part of base reduplicated?

• Frequency of affix type Prefixes gt Suffixes gt
  Infixes
• Hunzib initial (N. Caucasian) CV(C)
  reduplication
• batiyab different batbatiyab very
  different
• mu?áL after mu.mu?áL much later
• (Van den Berg 1995)

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Medial Reduplication

• Choctaw (Muskogean) medial CV reduplication
  (Kimball 1988440)
• tonoli to roll
• tononoli to roll back and forth
• binili to sit
• bininili to rise up and sit down

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Final Reduplication

• Paumarí (Arawakan)
• Final disyllabic reduplication (iterative)
• a-odora-dora-bakhia-loamani-hi
• 1pl-gather.up-REDUP-frequently-really-theme we
  keep gathering them
• (Chapman et al 1991)

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Characteristics of Reduplicated Material

• Number of phonemes in copy
• Number of syllables
• Number of repeated morae
• e.g. Ngiyambaa (Australian), first syllable
  light second (not including final vowel
  lengthening or a coda consonant) (Donaldson
  1980)
• magu-magu around one,
• dhala-dhalarbi-ya (REDUP-shine-PRS) to be pretty
  shiny

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Triplication

• Number of times reduplicand is repeated
• Mokilese (Harrison 1973)
• roar give a shudder
• roarroar be shuddering
• roarroarroar continue to shudder

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Formal nature of Reduplicand

• Simple copy does not differ from base
• Complex mismatch, extra material
• Automatic (in conjunction with other affix)

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Complex Reduplication

• Mangarayi Plurals (Australian, Merlan 1982)
• Consonant of the second syllable the vowel of
  the first syllable are copied to form a new
  second syllable in the derived word.
• walima young person gt walalima young people
• yirag father gt yirirag-ji father and
  children

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Complex Reduplication (cont.)

• Tuvan Diminutives (Harrison 2001)
• Copy of the entire base s replaces initial C in
  reduplicand. For bases that are vowel-initial,
  an onset s is added to the reduplicand.
• aar heavy gt aar-saar heavydiminutive
• uuruk-suuruk simultaneously
• SEE ALSO ECHO CONTRUCTIONS

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Complex Reduplication (cont.)

• Nias (Austronesian)
• Voicing with disyllabic reduplication
• a-fusi white
• a-vuzi-vuzi whitish

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Complex Reduplication (cont.)

• Bisa Plural Verbs (C1 raised V1-)
• (Burkina Faso, Prost 195053)
• to (walk on, sg.) tuto (walk on, pl.)
• ba (do) biba
• naso (catch) nénaso
• son (insult) suson
• gar (pull) gigar

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Discontinuous Reduplication

• Alamblak intensives (Sepik-Ramu, Bruce 1984)
• ba joins reduplicated constituents
• hingna-marNa-ba-marNa-mër
• work-RED-ba-straight-R.Pst-3sm
• he worked very well (Bruce 1984).

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Discontinuous Reduplication (cont.)

• Dholuo Mitigating Reduplication
• (Omondi 198287)
• prefix root suffix gt word a root a
• .rech (fish) .rech .arecha (any, mere fish)
• tedo (cook) tedo atédâ (just cooking)
• nyóro (yesterday) nyóro anyórâ (only yesterday)

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Automatic Reduplication

• Ilocano Pretentatives (aginCV-)
• singpet virtue
• agin-si-singpet pretend to be virtuous
• baknang wealth
• agim-ba-baknang pretend to be rich

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Some Reduplicative Constraints(on the form of
the reduplicand)A. PhonologicalB.
Morphological/Lexical
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Phonological ConstraintsNukuoro (Caroline
Islands, Carroll 1965)

• Singular Actor vs Plural Actor
• Initial gemination vs. Devoicing of Stops
• seni sleep sseni sleep, plural actor
• gahu cover up kahu
• noho stay nnoho
• lele fly llele
• bole bawl out pole
• modo unripe mmodo
• gada smile kada
• And
• huge open, plural goal vs. hhuge open,
  singular goal

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Phonological Constraints (cont.)

• Majang (Eastern Sudanic, SW Ethiopia, Unseth)
• Monosyllabic roots CV-
• Disyllabic roots -CV- from CV- of final
  syllable
• 3s present continuous verb forms, with -ng 3s
  suffix
• Monosyllabic Roots - Reduplicative Prefix
• ngaar- (go) ngaa-ngaar-ng (ng N velar
  nasal)
• Disyllabic Roots - Reduplicative Infix
• turku (invert) turkuku-ng
• jumur (answer) jumumur-ng

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Lexical Constraints (Word Classes)

• Ilocano Plurals
• High Frequency Animates (-C-)
• babai (girl) babbai (girls)
• ubing (child) ubbing (children)
• Proper Nouns (CV-)
• kabsat (sibling) kakabsat (siblings)
• gayyem (friend) gagayyem (friends)
• Common Nouns (Distributive CVC-)
• balay (house) balbalay (houses)
• tawa (window) tawtawa (windows)

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Part II

• FUNCTION

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With Verbs and Adjectives

• Number (plurality, distribution, collectivity)
• Distribution of an argument
• Tense aspect (continued or repeated occurrence
  completion inchoativity) Attenuation, intensity
• Transitivity (valence, object defocusing)
• Reciprocity

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Verbs, Adjectives (cont.)

• Alabama (Muscogean, Hardy et al 1988)
• (Vowel lengthening temporary vs. permanent
  distinction)
• loca to be black (covered in soot)
• lóoca to be a black person as well as
  attenuation via
• Attenuating Gemination
• kasatka cold gt kássatka cool
• lamatki straight lámmatki pretty straight.

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Verbs, Adjectives, cont.

• Luiseño Iteratives (Uto-Aztecan, Kroeber et al
  1960)
• lawi to make a hole
• law-lawi to make two holes, make a hole twice
  lawa-láwi to make many holes, more than two

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Verbs, Adjectives (cont.)

• Lampung Intensives (Austronesian, Walker 1976)
• Different degrees of intensity iconically match
  reduplicated form
• balak-balak very large
• xa-xabay somewhat afraid

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Verbs, Adjectives (cont.)

• Arapesh (Torricelli, Dobrin 2001)
• intensify or distribute the meaning of an action,
  often implying carelessness or lack of control on
  the part of the agent
• su touch, hold susu touch all over, paw
• ripok cut riripok hack up

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Verbs, Adjectives (cont.)

• Transitivity
• Dixon (198848) Reduplication is the only way of
  deriving an intransitive (S verb) from a
  transitive O verb.
• Transitive cula sew (O verb)
• Reduplicated Intransitive cula-cula sew away

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With Nouns

• Number (and Distributivity)
• Case
• Indefiniteness
• Reciprocity
• Size (diminutives or augmentatives)
• Associatives

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With Nouns (cont.)

• Case
• Chukchi Absolutive Singulars (Chukotko-Kamchatkan,
  Dunn 2001)
• jokwa-t (eider.duck-pl) eider ducks
• jokwa-jow (eider.duck-rdpabs.sg) eider duck,
  absolutive

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With Nouns (cont.)

• Ilocano Reciprocals (Austronesian)
• ngiwat mouth
• ngiwanngiwat mouth to mouth
• Yokuts Associatives (Penutian, Newman 1944)
• k?his buttocks
• k?k?his one with large buttocks

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With Numbers

• Collectives, distributives, multiplicatives, and
  limitatives
• Pangasinan limitatives tal-talora only three
• Ao Naga distributives (Tibeto-Burman) final CVC
  reduplication asem three gt asemsem three
  each, ténet seven gt ténetnet seven each
  (Gowda 197539).

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With numbers (cont.)

• Ilocano Numeral Morphology
• Indefinite Numbers (sumagCV-)
• sumag-li-lima about five
• Distributives (sagCV-)
• sag-li-lima five each
• Limitatives (CVC-)
• lim-lima only five

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Alteration of Word Class

• Kayardild (Pama-Nyungan, Evans 1995) kandu
  blood gt kandukandu red
• Luiseño (Uto-Aztecan, Kroeber et al 1960) lepi
  to tan, soften gt lepé-lpi-s pliable
• Tigak (Austronesian, Beaumont 1979)
• giak send gt gigiak messenger

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Alteration of Word Class (cont.)

• Nama Causatives (Hagman 197718)
• !óm? difficult gt !óm!om make something
  difficult
• Note that high tone lowers to mid in reduplicand

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Distribution
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References

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