Vaccination and Immunotherapy

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Vaccination and Immunotherapy
??????????????????????????????????????????????
Watchara Kasinrerk
Department of Clinical Immunology Faculty of
Associated Medical Sciences Chiang Mai University
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?????
Smallpox
Variolation
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Edward Jenner
1798
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WHO Mass vaccination
1958
Eradicated from the earth
1979
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Louis Pasteur
1879
Fowl cholera
Pasteurella multocida
organisms in the vaccine removed essential
nutrients from the body and thus prevented the
subsequent growth of the disease causing agents
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Antigen
Immune system
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
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MICROORGANISMS
IMMUNE RESPONSES
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MICROORGANISMS
IMMUNE RESPONSES
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Immune responses
Days
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Antigen
Primary response
Antigen
Secondary response
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(No Transcript)
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MICROORGANISMS
VACCINE
IMMUNE RESPONSES
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Aged cultures Pasteurella multocida
Fowl cholera
???
Protection
Dried scabs Cowpox
??
Smallpox Protection
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??????????????????????????? (Vaccination or
Immunization)
??????????? 2 ????
1. Passive Immunization 2. Active Immunization
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Passive Immunization
Cl. tetani
Neurotoxin
Tetanus
Dead
????????
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Tetanus toxin
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Passive Immunization
????? antibody ????????????/?????????
??????????? ???????????????? antibody
??????????????
?????????????????????? (??????????????????)
????????????????????
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??????????? Passive Immunization
?????? anti-rabies antibodies ??????
anti-tetanus toxin antibodies ?????? anti-rubella
antibodies ?????? anti-hepatitis A/B
antibodies ???????????? anti-snake venom
antibody
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?????/??????? ??? Passive immunization
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???????
1. Short-lived immunity
weeks
antibody
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2. Anaphylaxis ??????????, serum sickness 3.
??????????????? HIV, Hepatitis virus, etc. 4.
Adoptive immunization Lymphocytes
???????????????????????? Graft versus host
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Passive Immunization ?
???????????
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Active Immunization
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Active Immunization
?????????????? vaccine ??????? 3 ??? ???

• KILLED VACCINE
• SUB-UNIT VACCINE
• LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE

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KILLED VACCINE
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Killed Vaccine
Host
Exogenous antigen
CMI
HMI
B lymphocytes
MHC class II

• Induce CD4 lymphocytes

antibodies

• But not CD8 lymphocytes

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KILLED VACCINE
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SUB-UNIT VACCINE
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Hepatitis B virus
E.coli
DNA coding HBs Ag
Recombinant HBs Ag Recombinant Vaccine
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Sub-Unit Vaccine
Host
Exogenous antigen
CMI
HMI
MHC class II
B lymphocytes

• Induce CD4 lymphocytes

• But not CD8 lymphocytes

antibodies
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SUB-UNIT VACCINE
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LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE
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Attenuated vaccine
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Host
Live attenuated Vaccine
Exogenous antigen
Endogenous antigen
CMI
HMI
MHC class II / I
B lymphocytes

• Induce CD4 lymphocytes

antibodies

• Induce CD8 lymphocytes

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LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE
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Active Immunization
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3
1
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???
????????????
Bacterial diseases
Anthrax
Purified proteins
Tuberculosis
Modified live (BCG)
Cholera
Killed organisms
Diphtheria
Toxoid
Hemophilus
Capsular polysaccharide
Meningococcus
Capsullar polysaccharide
Whooping cough
Killed organism or purified proteins
Plague
Killed organisms
Pneumococcus
Capsular polysaccharide
Tetanus
Toxoid
Typhoid
Killed or modified live organism
Viral disease
Maesles
Modified live organisms
Mumps
Modified live organisms
Rubella
Modified live organisms
Poliomyelitis
Killed or modified live organisms
Influenza
Killed organisms
Hepatitis B
Recombinant antigen
Rabies
Killed organisms
Yellow fever
Modified live organisms
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?????/??????? ??? Active immunization
?????
1. Long - lived immunity
Boost
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2. ??????? local immunity ??? 3. ??????
multi-vaccines ???
???????
1. ?????????????????? ???, ?????, ??????, rash
2. ??????????????? Immunodeficiency persons,
Malnourished individuals 3. ??? 4. Live vaccine
?????????? ??? ???????????
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?????????????????????????
????
??????
??????? 1 ????? 2 ????? 4 ????? 6 ?????
-BCG -Hepatitis B 1 -Hepatitis B 2 -????? ?????
???????? (DPT)1 -?????? (OPV)1 -DPT2 -OPV2 -DP
T3 -OPV3 -Hepatitis B3
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????
??????
9-12 ????? 18 ????? 2 ?? 4-6 ??
??? ?????? ?????????? (MMR)1 DPT4 OPV4 ????????
????? (JEV)1 2 wk 2 JEV3 DPT4 OPV5