Motivation Theories

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Motivation Theories
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Motivation

• Psychological processes that arouse, direct, and
  maintain behavior toward attaining a goal
• Components
• Direction of behavior
• Level of effort
• Level of persistence
• Types
• Extrinsic
• Intrinsic

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Why Study Motivation?
Ability
Effort
Performance
Skill
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Theories of Motivation

• Content (Internal) Theories
• Emphasize what motivates people
• Process Theories
• Explain psychological processes underlying
  motivation
• External Theories
• Look at environmental factors that shape behavior

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Content TheoriesMaslows Hierarchy of Needs
Theory
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Content TheoriesAlderfers ERG Theory
Growth
Relatedness
Existence
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Content TheoriesMcGregors Theory X and Theory Y

• Theory X
• Employees dislike work and whenever possible will
  avoid it
• Since they dislike work they must be coerced,
  controlled, or threatened with punishment to
  achieve goals
• Employees will avoid responsibilities and seek
  formal direction when possible
• Most workers place security above other things
  associated with work and will display little
  ambition

• Theory Y
• Employees can view work as being as natural as
  rest or play
• People will exercise self-direction and
  self-control if they are committed to the
  objectives
• The average person can learn to accept, even seek
  responsibility
• Ability to make innovative decisions is widely
  dispersed throughout the population and not
  necessarily seen only in those in management

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Content TheoriesMcGregors Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Y
Higher Order Needs
Lower Order Needs
Theory X
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Content TheoriesMcClellands Acquired Needs
Theory

• Need for Achievement (nAch)
• Need for excellence, competition, challenging
  goals, persistence, overcoming difficulties
• Need for Power (nPower)
• Need for making an impact on or influencing
  others, changing people or events, making a
  difference in life
• Need for Affiliation (nAff)
• Need for establishing and maintaining warm,
  close, and intimate relationships

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Content TheoriesHerzbergs Two-Factor Theory
Hygiene Factors
No Job Dissatisfaction
Job Dissatisfaction
Motivators
Job Satisfaction
No Job Satisfaction
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Process TheoriesVrooms Expectancy Theory
x
Expectancy
Instrumentality
Valence
Motivation
x
Effort
Performance
Rewards
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Process TheoriesAdams Equity Theory
My outcomes Others outcomes My inputs Others
inputs My outcomes Others outcomes My inputs
Others inputs My outcomes Others
outcomes My inputs Others inputs
Equity

Equity Sensitives
Inequity (under- reward)
lt
Benevolents
Inequity (over- reward)
gt
Entitleds
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Process TheoriesOrganizational Justice Theory

• Organizational Justice extent to which people
  perceive that they are treated fairly at work
• Types of Justice
• Distributive Justice
• Procedural Justice
• Interactional Justice