The Need for Speed

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The Need for Speed

• And Collisions, too

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CERN

• European Organization for Nuclear Research
• 1949 Louis de Broglie, French physicist and
  Nobel Prize winner, proposed the creation of a
  European science laboratory to restore European
  science to its former prestige
• Founded 1954 to establish world class fundamental
  physics research
• Derived from French - Conseil Europee pour la
  Recherche Nucleaire

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Purpose

• To study the fundamental nature of matter and the
  basic forces that shape our universe.

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Member States

• Special duties, privileges
• Contribute to capitol and operating costs
• Responsible for decisions and activities
• 20 Member States
• Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech
  Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
  Greece, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway,
  Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain,
  Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

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Observer Status

• Membership not possible/feasible
• Allowed to attend Council meetings
• No decision making powers
• Includes
• The European Commission, India, Israel, Japan,
  the Russian Federation, Turkey, UNESCO and the
  USA.

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Non-Member States

• Scientists from 200 institutions and universities
  of Non-Member states
• Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
  Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, China,
  Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Georgia, Iceland,
  India, Iran, Ireland, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan,
  Peru, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, South Africa,
  South Korea, Taiwan and the Ukraine.

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CERN

• 27 Km (16.78 mi.)
• Worlds largest particle accelerator (but not
  most powerful)
• Scheduled to go on line spring 2007
• Some parts built at Fermi Lab

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Location Location Location?
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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

• Worlds highest-energy physics lab (magnets are
  superconductors
• Tevatron 4 miles in circumference
• 1,000 superconducting magnets are cooled by
  liquid helium to -268 degrees C (-450 degrees F).
• Bottom quark (May-June 1977)
• Top quark (February 1995)
• Tau neutrino observed (July 2000)

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Galileo

• 1564-1642
• One of the earliest particle physicists
• Disproved Aristotle

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Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy

• Bell tower of the Cathedral
• Construction began in 1173 completed 200 years
  later
• 58 m high from foundation
• 55 m high from ground

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A Better Peashooter

• 1930 - Ernest Walton and Douglas Cockcroft built
  the world's smallest peashooter (first particle
  accelerator) just one year after it had been
  predicted.

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Linear Accelerator

• Simplest type
• Mainly used as primary accelerator that then
  feeds into synchrotron
• EM waves accelerate particles
• Does not require a huge magnet, but has to be
  very long

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Stanford Linear Accelerator

• Aerial view of the SLAC linear accelerator The
  linac is underground and traced in white.
• About 1.98 miles (3.2 km) long.
• Longest accelerator in the world

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Cyclotron

• The first particle accelerator (cyclotron)
  developed by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929
• In 1939 Lawrence was rewarded for his work with
  the Nobel Prize in physics.

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Cyclotron

• More advanced type of particle accelerator
• Easier to make than a few miles of linear
  accelerator
• Particles are forced into a circular path by the
  magnetic field
• Alternating current attracts and repels the
  particle, accelerating the particle

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Synchrotron

• Circular, similar to cyclotron
• Many circular accelerators also have a short
  linac to accelerate the particles initially
  before entering the ring
• Have to force the electrons into a circular path
  using magnets. Unlike having a single magnet
  providing the force to push the particle into a
  circular path, this system requires a series of
  magnets positioned so as to deflect its path into
  a circle.

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Linear Accelerator?

• Accelerates particles to .000045 speed of
  light (or about 300mph in 4-5s)

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Synchrotron
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Common Particle Accelerator

• The CRT takes particles (electrons) from the
  cathode, speeds them up and changes their
  direction using electromagnets in a vacuum and
  then smashes them into phosphor molecules on the
  screen. The collision results in a lighted spot,
  or pixel, on your TV or computer monitor.

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Particle Accelerator
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Particle Collision? NOT!
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Atom Smashing? Higgs Boson?
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Do We Really Need CERN? Or Why is particle
physics useful?

• W3
• 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN,
  invented the World Wide Web
• Developed to meet the demand for automatic
  information sharing between scientists
• Needed a global information system
• Collaborates with industry
• Cancer Therapy
• Medical/industrial imaging
• Radiation processing
• Micro electronics
• Manufacturing processes and materials science

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Accelerate Your Particle

• Try your skillshttp//www-aix.gsi.de/meyer/rf_cav
  it/ex.html