Pet Reproduction

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Pet Reproduction
p. 164
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• Sexual Reproduction is the union of egg and
  sperm to produce a new animal
• 1. Two parents required male furnishes sperm
  (spermatozoa or male animal sex cell) and female
  supplies egg or ovum (female sex cell).

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• . Natural insemination is the process of male
  depositing semen into the female reproductive
  tract.

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• Sexual terminology
• 1. Fertilization is the union of the egg and
  sperm
• 2. Conception - creation of new life

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• Pregnant stage of baby development in
  reproductive tract
• Gestation period of pregnancy - begins with
  conception and ends with parturition

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• Parturition- process of giving birth to young
• Estrus is the heat period when female is
  receptive to male and will stand for mating

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Female dog in standing heat
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Anestrus is the rest time between heats
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Swollen VULVA of Bitch
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• Female reproductive anatomy
• 1. Ovary- primary reproductive organ produces the
  egg (female gamete)
• 2. Gamete- sex cell that unites with other sex
  cells

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• Follicle - tiny structure that produces the ova
• Ovulation releasing an egg for fertilization

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• Egg is caught in infundibulum (first segment of
  oviduct)
• Oviduct moves ova and spermatozoa, fertilization
  occurs and early cell division.
• Embryo goes to the uterus in mammals
• Uterus - The place of embryo growth and
  development.

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• The cervix contains rings and cervical mucus to
  SEAL the uterus to keep out contaminants during
  pregnancy
• CONTRACTIONS relax the cervix to allow young to
  pass though during birthing, the vagina is the
  passageway.
• The VULVA is the external opening to the
  reproductive tract.

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• Male reproductive anatomy
• 1. Testicle- primary reproductive organ and
  produces the male gametes sperm
• 2. Two testicles are held externally in the
  scrotum or sac that helps control the temperature
  so that the testicles remain cooler than the
  body.

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• Sperm pass through the testes into the vas
  deferens which carries the sperm and fluid to
  release at ejaculation in mammals.
• Semen passes through the penis into females
  reproductive tract.

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• End of penis is known as GLANS penis.
• Penis is sensory organ similar to clitoris of
  female.
• SHEATH- A fold of skin that is a protective
  covering for penis.

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Breeding
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When penetration occurs, a large knot will form
at the base of the penis, (inside the female),
thus, locking the two dogs together.
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• The male then turn around and stands
  tail-to-tail with the female, (still penetrating
  her). This is the tie it may last as long as
  30-45 minutes, as the male ejaculates inside the
  female. To keep the female from jumping or
  running away afterwards, breeders normally stand
  by her and hold her by the collar

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• The goal of breeding is to improve the breed
  therefore
• Select animals that are in perfect health and
  vet checked (hips, eyes, ears certified)
• Pick a stud who will compliment your females
  looks and temperament.
• Do not breed unhealthy animals.
• Do not breed a mean tempered animal
• Breed animals with championship lines who have
  proven themselves in the field or show ring

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The female determines how many pups will be in a
litter. - Her body will absorb what she cant
handle or unfertilized eggs
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• In dogs and most other carnivores, the penis
  contains a bone called the os penis
• It has an actual bone.It can break, so he is the
  one at danger during mating.
• A males sperm may live a few day and in some
  cases up to a week.
• The male determines the sex of the puppies.

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Os Penis
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PreNatal Care of the Bitch before MatingShe
should not be over or underweight.
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She should be one ( small breeds) to two years
old (larger breeds) Larger breeds should be
x-rayed for Hip dysplasia
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What is Hip Dysplasia??

• Hip dysplasia is a common condition affecting
  many large breed dogs.
• The hip joint forms the attachment of the hind
  leg to the body and is a ball and socket joint.
  The ball portion is the head of the femur while
  the socket is located on the pelvis.
• In a normal joint the ball rotates freely within
  the socket. To facilitate movement the bones are
  shaped to perfectly match each other with the
  socket surrounding the ball.
• To strengthen the joint, the two bones are held
  together by a strong ligament.

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• The disease is associated with soft tissue laxity
  of the hips that results in subluxation of the
  joints. Some affected dogs are candidates for
  surgical management of their condition
• The condition will worsen until even normal daily
  activities are painful.
• Without intervention, these dogs may eventually
  be unable to walk.

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Symptoms

• Walk or run with an altered gait.
• Resist movements that require full extension or
  flexion of the rear legs.
• Run with a 'bunny hopping' gait.
• Stiffness and pain in the rear legs after
  exercise or first thing in the morning.
• Difficulty climbing stairs.
• Limp
• Less willing to participate in normal daily
  activities

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Hip Dysplasia
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Vaccinations should be given a month before she
is due to be mated She needs to be worm free
and have no external parasites
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Cats and dogs a. Cats ovulates after mating b.
Number of eggs ovulated varies, dog and cat can
ovulate up to 15 or more eggs.
p. 165
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Length of estrus cycle varies a. dog 9 days b.
cat 9 days c. rabbit no regular cycle d.
hamsters every 4 days
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e. gerbils 4 6 days f. rats every 4 days
for 12 hours g. mice every 3 6 days for 12
hours h. Guinea pigs 16 days for 24 hours
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Gestation period of pregnancy that begins with
conception and ends with parturition
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Gestation lengths for various species Cats 51
-65 days Dogs 56 -70 days, 63 norm Rabbits 30
-32 days
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Hamsters 30 - 32 days Gerbils 16 days Rats 21
24 days Mice 21 24 days Guinea pigs 56 74
days Ferrets 6 weeks
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Mom in her 8th week                            
                                                  
                                                 
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If you own a stethoscope you can hear heartbeats
in the 8th week
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9. If you own a stethoscope you can hear
heartbeats in the 8th week. It sounds like short
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Its safe to get an x-ray in the 8th week, but not
just to count pups. Do it only if you suspect she
may have a small birth canal which may present a
problem.
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Parturition- process of giving birth to
young. Care should be taken not to excite female
at birthing. Most pets and pocket pets do not
need your assistance.
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Whelping

• The act of giving birth to puppies

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Taking your dogs temperature and recording it
will tell you, within 24 hours, when labor will
begin
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12-24 hours before it drops it will rise higher
then its been in weeks.This gives you more time
to prepare for the birth of her puppies
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You will notice a huge increase in temp right
before it drops. Any temp recorded lower than
98.4 indicates labor should began within 24 hours
If your dog goes beyond 24 hours and labor has
not begin, call your veterinarian
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Fetal Baby Heart Doppler Ultrasound Detector
                                                  
                       
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Canine Whelping/Parturition
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NORMAL PRESENTATION
Head out first
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                                           Dont
forget to check
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UMBILICAL CHORD CUTTING
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ASPIRATE NOSE THROAT
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Kitten Sexing
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WHELPING BOXES
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Whelping Boxes

• Cats dogs need 1-3 weeks before birth so they
  can get comfortable with whelping box.

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Dystocia difficult birth
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Fish reproductive anatomy
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Fish are either egg-layers or live-bearers and
gestation period varies with length of incubation.
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1. Two ovaries appear to be joined in a single
sac of eggs. 2. Eggs travel via oviduct to the
urogenital opening.
p. 165
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3. Eggs are excreted and are fertilized outside
of the females body (egg bearers)
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Most aquarium fish are egg-laying species with
eggs expelled from the female and then fertilized
by the male during spawning
p. 178
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1. Incubation varies by species and type of
egg-laying (scatter, burier, depositor, brooder,
nest builder) 2. Fry may hatch and be eaten by
some species.
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Angelfish with fry
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Several common aquarium fish like guppies,
platys, swordtails, and mollies are live-bearing
fish.
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Male Seahorse Mom????
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During the birthing process the male assists the
young in leaving his pouch by muscle contractions
which squeeze the pouch pushing the newly born
seahorses into the ocean.
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• Oviparous
• animals that lay eggs, with little or no other
  embryonic development within the mother

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• Ovoviviparous
• develop within eggs that remain within the
  mother's body up until they hatch or are about to
  hatch. Embryos are nourished by the egg yolk
  rather than by the mother's body. However, the
  mother's body does provide gas exchange.

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Amphibians and Reptiles 1. Most frogs and
toads mate in the water with eggs being
fertilized and released to attach to
vegetation.
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FROG MATING
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Eggs hatch into tadpoles that breathe through
external gills which go through metamorphosis to
become a land
dwelling
adult.
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Salamander Eggs are unpigmented
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Turtles mating
Males get aggressive, they lock their feet in the
rear of her shell, flip over and will mate for a
couple of hours. She will sometimes drag him
around.
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Turtles are oviparous. a. They lay eggs and
deposit them in a nest cavity in the
soil for them to
hatch later.
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Turtles usually lay eggs in warmer months
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b. Incubation time varies from 30 days for
soft-shelled turtles to 18 months for land
tortoises (average is 60 90 days, depending on
soil temperature).
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Snakes may lay eggs from 30 85 days after
mating. a. Eggs incubate for 40 90 days before
hatching.
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b. Ovoviviparous snakes retain eggs in their body
until they are hatched in 90 150 days.
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Egg Laying Snakes All pythons Kingsnakes
Milksnakes Rat snakes Corn snakes
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CLUTCH

• A group of eggs that will hatch together

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• Female pythons and King Cobras are 2 of only a
  few groups of reptiles to care for her eggs after
  oviposition.
• A female will coil around her eggs until they
  hatch, protecting the eggs and providing
  temperature regulation, as well.

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c. Some snakes are live-bearing snakes with baby
snakes receiving nourishment during development
from mother
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Live birth of snake
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MOST SNAKE SPECIES THAT LIVE IN COLDER AREAS ARE
LIVE BEARING
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Live bearing snakes All boas All vipers Garter
snakes
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Most snakes mate once a year
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Hemipenes of male snake
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Snakes mating. It may take him days to get her
attention.
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Lizards MOST are egg layers.
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Egg Layers Iguanas Water dragons Geckos
Veiled chameleons Panther chameleons Monitors
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Livebearers Solomon Island skink Blue-tongue
skink Shingle-backed skink Jackson's
chameleon
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a. Smaller sizes hatch in 30 days or less
(anoles, geckos) b. Large sizes take as long as
120 days (monitor lizard)
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Crocodilians lay hard-shelled eggs and deposit in
soil nest for air incubation of about 90 days.
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All crocodilians guard their nests. Crocodilians
also assist the hatchlings as they emerge from
their nests, and will guard them for a while
after hatching.
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Did you know that the sex of a crocodile is
determined by the temperature of the eggs during
incubation?
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Lizards reach sexual maturity based on size, more
than chronological age. Small lizards may become
reproductively active at 1-2 years of age, while
larger lizards may be 3-4 years old
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Males have 2 copulatory organs called hemipenes,
one on each side of the base of the tail.  Either
one of the two hemipenes may be used for internal
fertilization.
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Urination does not occur through the hemipenes.
The tissue is not erectile either.
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Female lizards have paired ovaries and oviducts.
Ovaries vary in size.
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The oviducts possess both an albumin-secreting
function and a shell-secreting function. There is
no true uterus. The oviducts connect to and open
directly into the cloaca through papillae.
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GRAVID fertilized female lizard
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BIRD REPRODUCTION
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ostrich
world's largest egg The egg is about 8 in (20
cm) tall and weighs 3 LB 8 oz (1.6 kg), 30 times
as much as a hen's egg.
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BIRDS

• Must be suitable birds to mate
• Some mate for life
• Its hard to sex a bird, so some think they have a
  male female and never get any eggs or young!

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How to sex birds

• The term DNA Sexing refers to the procedure of
  testing the DNA from birds to determine their
  gender. DNA sexing is carried out in a laboratory
  and requires a sample of the bird's blood,
  feathers, or eggshell.
• DNA Sexing is a safe and accurate way to
  determine whether your bird is male or female.

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Birds lay eggs for the embryo to grow in during
incubation.
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a. The average incubation period is 21 days but
varies by species and size of bird. b. Smaller
birds usually take less time for incubation
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YOLK GETS ABSORBED BY THE BODY
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MACAW
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After about 60 days