Existing Replacements for CFC

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Existing Replacements for CFC HCFC Refrigerants
and Future Low GWP Alternatives

• Dr. Frank Rinne
• Technical Programmes Manager
• DuPont Fluoroproducts

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Agenda

• Introduction
• Role of HFCs in tackling these environmental
  concerns
• Retrofit Refrigerants for CFCs and HCFCs in
  existing Systems
• Low GWP Refrigerants for new Systems
• Conclusions
• Questions and discussion

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An Industry in Transition
Thousands of tonnes
HFCs
HFOs
HCFCs
CFCs
Refrigerants
Other
Refrigerants
Solvents
Fire Extinguishants
Foam Expansion
Propellants
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Climate ChangeHFCs A Small but Very Visible
Part of Global Warming

• Globally HFCs are responsible for only a few
  percent of the total contribution to global
  warming (2-3 )
• But there are several factors that make them a
  target
• Nationally, HFCs can represent several percent of
  total contribution to global warming
• The CFC legacy regulate and industry will
  innovate
• Refrigerant emissions can be reduced
• HFCs are included in the basket of gases under
  the Kyoto Protocol
• HFCs are considered high GWP gases with
  perceived low reduction costs
• Energy efficiency is considered a separate issue
• Bottom line HFCs are a target for global
  warming regulations

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Ozone DepletionDuPont Position on HCFC
Phase-out Acceleration

• Despite remarkable success, the ozone layer
  still requires action.
• DuPont supports the accelerated phase-out
  schedules for HCFCs
• as an encouraging sign that developed and
  developing nations can
• reach consensus on actions to protect the global
  climate system
• The new schedule will allow for an orderly
  transition to alternative products and
  technologies through
• Good conservation practices to reduce emissions
  of refrigerants to the environment
• Adoption of alternative non-ozone depleting
  products and technologies.

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ISCEON Refrigerants to replace CFCs and HCFCs

• Benefits
• provides easy, quick, cost-effective retrofit
• non-ozone-depleting HFC
• in most cases no change of lubricant type during
  retrofit is required -- compatible with
  traditional and new lubricants
• avoids expensive engineering changes to existing
  equipment
• enables cost-effective continued use of existing
  equipment
• can be topped off during service without removing
  the entire refrigerant charge
• Performance
• provides required cooling capacity and comparable
  energy efficiency vs. R-12 and R-22
• similar discharge temperature and pressure vs.
  R-12 and R22

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CFC Replacement Application Summary
ISCEON Product Replaces Application
ISCEON 39TC R-12 High Temperature Centrifugal Chillers
ISCEON MO49Plus R-12 / HCFC Blends Automotive ACDX stationary AC DX medium/low temperature Refrigeration
ISCEON MO89 R-13B1 Very low temperature Refrigeration
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ISCEON 39TC - Sulzer unit at
ISCEON 49Plus Rhodia Paulinia, Brazil / 2002
Average water flow 180,000 kg/h Average cooling
capacity 880,000 kCal/h (60 load)
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HCFC Replacement Application Summary
Original Refrigerant Application Replaced by
R22 Small AC (lt15 kW) (not recommended in water chillers) ISCEON MO59
R22 Low medium temperature refrigeration and larger AC ISCEON MO29
R22 Refrigeration where extra capacity is required ISCEON MO79 (Change of TEV required)
R402A/B, R403B, R408A, R411B Refrigeration ISCEON MO79
Lower pressure and compressor power than R22
may be an advantage in some specific cases.
Change of expansion valve, condenser capacity
assessment and pressure rating check required.
Multipurpose replacement for R22 in DX equipment
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Typical Applications for ISCEON MO29
Supermarket Air
Contioning Chillers
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EU F-Gas Revision in 2011

• Will focus on reduction of GWP , direct
  emissions of refrigerants
• Will continue to regulate leak rates and systems
  checks, as well as trade / consumption / disposal
  / reclaim of refrigerants
• It is proposed to add a market driven
  mechanism based on GWP of the refrigerants .
• The idea is to take all sales of refrigerants in
  a reference year and convert them in CO2
  equivalents , based on the GWP of the individual
  refrigerants. Then , total CO2 equivalent
  refrigerant sales in next period would have to
  decrease YOY ( regardless of the tonnage , only
  CO2 equivalent matters )
• The benefit is that no technology is phased out
  nor mandated . This means that the industry as a
  whole has freedom to operate to meeting set upon
  goals in an economically sound manner
• This draft proposal from the EU Commission is
  supported by EFCTC and EPEE
• A similar approach is being put in place in the
  US convergence

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Low GWP Solutions based on HFO-1234yf Technology
HFO-1234yfA Low GWP Refrigerant For MAC
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HFO-1234yf Leading Low GWP Option to Replace
R-134a

• Jointly Developed by DuPont and Honeywell
• Excellent environmental properties
• Very low GWP of 4, Zero ODP, Favorable LCCP
• Atmospheric chemistry determined and published
• Low toxicity
• Low acute and chronic toxicity
• System performance very similar to R-134a
• Excellent COP and Capacity, no glide
• From both internal tests and auto OEM tests
• Thermally stable and compatible with R-134a
  components
• Potential for direct substitution of R-134a
• Mild flammability ( manageable in MAC systems )
• Flammability properties significantly better than
  152a (MIE, burning velocity, etc)
• Potential for A2L ISO 817 classification versus
  A2 for 152a based on AIST data
• Minimal modifications for safety

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1234yf Flammability Properties
1234yf gt 5000 mJ !
Ignition Source
Flames. Chemical sources. Propagating brushes.
IncreasingFlammability Risk
Personnel spark limit
Minimum Ignition Energy, mJ
Iso-Butane
Mechanical sparks. Stray current
sparks. Ungrounded con- ductors.
Methane
Propane
152a
A glowing cigarette Will not ignite methane (A.D.
Little)
Gasoline
Static discharge from clothing
Acetylene
Lower Flame Limit, vol.
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HFO-1234yf Status for Mobile AC

• Automakers representing 70 of EU and 70 of
  global vehicle production have publicly
  expressed preference for HFO-1234yf
• Registrations (JCSCL, REACH, SNAP, ASHRAE, etc)
  on schedule
• DuPont will make commercial decision on
  investment in HFO-1234yf plant based on OEM
  commitments
• The EU F-Gas GWP directive for MAC is still
  expected to go into effect 1 January, 2011

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Development of Blends for other Applications

• Start with the Fundamentals!
• Understand the Physical and Chemical Factors
  Impacting mixture properties of Fluorocarbons
• Various Blends offering different trade offs
  between Flammability, Capacity and GWP
• Dupont established already Research Projects
  with Industry to identify the best options
• Account for Non Ideal Behaviors e.g.
  Azeotropes
• Assumptions of Thermodynamic Ideality can lead to
  errors
• Measurements of Binary Pair Properties
• Validate Modeled Performance in Instrumented
  Laboratory Systems

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Flammable Refrigerant Regulations In Commercial
Stationary Refrigeration and A/C

• Europe
• Stationary A/C - IEC 60335-2-40, pr EN
  378-1-2007, ISO 5149-2006 - Maximum charge size
  based on LFL, room size, equipment location
• Stationary Refrigeration IEC 60335-2-89 limit
  of 150 gram unrestricted. Above 150 gram refer
  to EN 378 or ISO 5149 for charge size limits
• ISO 817 in progress HFO-1234yf will be
  classified A2L
• USA
• Stationary A/C and Refrigeration -
• ASHRAE Std 15 - greater than 3 kg requires a
  machine room. May work to revise for mild
  flammables (e.g. A2L)
• UL has a procedure for requesting addition of
  refrigerants to their standards and sets specific
  charge limits based on flammable properties (UL
  1995, UL 471)
• Japan
• No specific regulations, but must follow High
  Pressure Gas Law as done for R134a

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Conclusions

• I) A sector in permanent transition, mainly
  driven by regulations
• II) Role of HFCs in this changing regulatory
  framework
• HFC as an immediate solution in response to the
  first environmental issue addressed by an
  International Agreement ozone layer
• In replacing HCFCs, HFCs substantially and
  quickly contribute to reinforce the Ozone layer
  while limiting the impact on climate change
• III) HFO-1234yf has been shown to be a safe,
  effective refrigerant for environmentally
  sustainable solutions for MAC applications
• Excellent Potential R-134a replacement for
  HVACR applications
• It is possible to develop reduced GWP blends
  with good capacity and COP
• There may be trade-offs of GWP, Flammability,
  Performance
• Flammability issues must be assessed for safety
  codes in residential and commercial buildings

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