Renewable Hydrogen

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Renewable Hydrogen Presentation by Dan W.
Reicher Executive V.P., Northern Power
Systems Managing Partner, New Energy Capital To
the U.S. Department of Energy Washington,
D.C. September 9, 2003
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Northern Power Systems

• Worldwide power system integrator and innovator
• 29 years of experience in on-site power systems
• 800 projects installed in 45 countries on all 7
  continents
• Advanced RD in Energy Technology Laboratory
• 100 employees (over 50 with engineering
  degrees)

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Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company - BP
Integrated Power Systems Oil Gas
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Integrated Power Systems Telecommunications
CUBIC Defense System Nellis Air Force Base Las
Vegas, NV
National Science Foundation Black Island,
Antarctica
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Isolated Utility Power
Monhegan Island, Maine
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Distributed GenerationCogeneration
Pokka Beverage (Div of Coca Cola) American
Canyon, CA
Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Waterbury, VT
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Distributed Generation Wind
CEPEL (Brazilian Renewable Energy Organization)
CELPA (State of Para Utility) Joanes, Brazil
Tanadgusix Corporation St. Paul Island, AK
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Waste Water Treatment PlantEssex, VT
Distributed Generation Biogas
S C Johnson Racine, WI
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Distributed Generation Photovoltaics

• Artists for Humanity/MRET Boston, MA

Woods Hole Research Center Campus Falmouth, MA
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Energy Technology Laboratory

New Products and Services
E T L
E T L
Wind Turbines Power System Architectures System
Controls Power Electronics Renewable H Systems
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Proton Energy Systems

• Founded 1996
• Current Employees 125
• Headquarters Wallingford
• Revenues 8 Million / Year
• Half from Contract Research

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Protons Technology Plan
Industrial Gas
PEM Electrolysis

Fueling Systems
Backup Power

Fuel Cells
Renewable Distributed Power
Time
Today
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Wind Energy
1979 40 cents/kWh
2000 4-6 cents/kWh

• Increased turbine size
• RD advances
• Manufacturing improvements

NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kWh
(unsubsidized)
2003 3-4 cents/kWh
Source U.S. DOE
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Hydropower

• Major Installed U.S. Base
• Incremental Additions
• Efficiency Upgrades
• Environmental Mitigation

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Well to Wheels CO2 emissions
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Renewable Hydrogen Opportunities

• Key to a true hydrogen economy
• Unlimited, secure and domestic fuel supply
• Cleanest energy option
• Addresses solar and wind intermittency
• Link between renewables and transportation

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Renewable Hydrogen An Equal Opportunity Energy
Carrier

• Hydrogen can be made using
• Wind
• Solar
• Geothermal
• Hydropower
• Biomass

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Renewable H2 Energy System
Hydrogen Storage
Electrolyzer
H2 Fueling
Wind Turbine
Fuel Cells and Engines
Short-term Energy Storage
PV Array
Heat Recovery
Legend
Local Loads
Off-site Loads
Electric line H2 piping Heat stream
Balancer Load
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If Half of the Vehicles were HFCV

• Hydrogen required for 50 of the current fleet
• Approximately 40 million tons/year
• Assumed 2x improvement in efficiency
• Calculated the resource requirements, assuming
  the resource is only one available
• Natural gas
• Coal
• Biomass
• Solar (PV)-electrolysis
• Wind-electrolysis
• Nuclear-electrolysis (not chemical cycles)

Source NREL
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H2 Energy Resource Requirements
Source NREL
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Natural Gas?
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Price Convergence
5.5
Wind
4.0
cents/kWh
Natural Gas
2.5
1995
2000
2005
Year
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Credits Help

• Tax Credits
• Emission Credits (Sox, Nox)
• Renewable Energy Credits
• Carbon Credits

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Costs of Electricity vs. NG for H2 Production
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Wind - Natural Gas Compatibility

• Natural Gas
• High Operating Costs
• Low Capital Cost
• Dispatchable
• Fuel Supply/Cost Risk
• Smog, Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• Wind
• Low Operating Cost
• High Capital Cost
• Non-dispatchable
• No Fuel Supply/Cost Risk
• No Emissions

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Northerns Renewable Hydrogen Demos

• China Lake Naval Base, CA (with Proton) Project
  completed possible follow-on
• South Coast Air Quality Management District, CA
  (with Stuart) Feasibility study completed
• U.S. Department of Energy (with Proton) Various
  projects with FY02 and FY03 funding, e.g. U. Nev.
  Las Vegas
• U. Cal. White Mountain Research Center, CA (with
  Stuart) Feasibility study award expected late
  03
• Galapagos Islands, Ecuador Team formed with
  Toyota, Stuart, World Wildlife Fund
• Winooski, VT (with Proton) Hydropower to H2
  funding being sought

Sept 03
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China Lake Naval Station (CA)

• Shelter Components
• Off-grid system
• 6.5 kW Electrolyzer
• Two 1.2 kW Fuel Cells
• Controls
• Safety system
• Data acquisition
• 10 kW PV array (external)
• 20 kg H2 storage (external)
• Output Provides continuous power to 1 kW load
• Status Commissioned April 03
• Partner Proton

Shelter in Wallingford, CT before shipping to
China Lake
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South Coast Air Quality Management Dist. (CA)

• Renewable H2 Power Park
• Grid connected system
• Back-up and peak power capability
• 80kW 200kW PV array
• 70kW Electrolyzer
• 60kg 200kg H2 storage
• Fueling Station (3600 5000 psi)
• 120kW stationary IC Engine
• 60kW Stationary PEM FC
• Output 12 26 kg H2/day
• Status Feasibility study complete. Contract
  awards pending
• Partner Stuart

Existing CNG fueling station at SCAQMD
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U. Nev. Las Vegas Renewable H2 Fueling Station

• Location University of Nevada Las Vegas
• Renewable Source 10kW Grid Tied PV System
• H2 Production 2kg H2/day
• High Pressure Storage 10kg at 6000psi
• Will service H2 Fueled Fleet Vehicles
• Status Funding approved, Phase 1 should begin
  Nov 2003
• Partner Proton

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White Mountain Research Stn (CA)

• Renewable H2 System
• Off-grid primary power system
• 100 200 kW Wind
• 25 - 50 kW PV
• Electrolyzer with H2 Storage
• Stationary Power and Fuel Dispenser
• Output Will support 50 100 kW of load and 2
  3 vehicles
• Status proposal for feasibility study submitted
  to CEC
• Partner Stuart

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Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)

• Renewable Energy and H2 Production
• Wind, PV, Diesel Hybrid System
• Electrolyzer, Storage, and Fuel Dispensing
• H2 Buses or Cars
• Output Support 500kW of load, 10 20 vehicles
• Status Feasibility Study
• Partners Toyota, Stuart, World Wildlife Fund

One of the many critters found exclusively on the
Galapagos Islands. Source www.Galapagos.org
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Winooski, VT Hydro Dam

• H2 Fueling Station and Fuel Cell Bus
• Renewable Source Grid Tied Hydropower Dam in
  Winooski, VT
• H2 Production 2kg H2/day
• High Pressure Storage 10kg at 6000psi
• Air Products H2 Dispensing
• Converting Electric Bus to Fuel Cell Hybrid
• Status Proposal submitted, funding decision
  this fall
• Partner Proton

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Northerns 100 KW Wind Turbine

• 100kw Direct Drive generator
• 19m, 3 bladed rigid rotor
• Upwind, active yaw
• Variable speed, 40-60 rpm
• Protected service access
• Modern power electronics
• -46C to 50C operating range

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Northerns 1.5 MW Direct Drive Wind Turbine

• Collaboration with General Dynamics

• The first of its kind to integrate a permanent
  magnet generator
• Will eliminate production and maintenance costs
  associated with gear boxes
• Testing and certification scheduled for 2003

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Near-Term Opportunities?

• Electrolysis
• On-Peak vs. Off-Peak
• Premium Power
• Remote Power
• Gasoline and Diesel Hybrids with H2?
• Hythane Fuel Vehicles and Stationary Uses

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Renewable Hydrogen Challenges

• Technology
• H2 Production efficiency
• Fuel cell and IC engine availability
• Storage/delivery infrastructure
• Cost
• Federal and State Policies
• Public and Private Finance

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Key Issue Codes and Standards

• Codes standards are being developed in advance
  of, or in parallel with, hydrogen-fueled systems
• Codes standards development must be coordinated
  with technology development
• Efforts should be devoted to RD efforts to
  validate proposed standards (i.e., need data to
  support or validate proposed requirements)
• Coordination is vital
• All applications involve production,
  transportation, storage, dispensing, and use of
  hydrogen
• A large number of organizations are involved in
  generating codes standards

Source NREL
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Code Developers Coordination is Essential

• International Code Council, Inc. (ICC)
• Building Officials and Code Administrators
  International (BOCA)
• International Conference of Building Officials
  (ICBO)
• Southern Building Code Congress International,
  Inc. (SBCC)
• Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
• CSA International
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
  (IEEE)
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• International Organization for Standards (ISO)
• Compressed Gas Association (CGA)
• Natural Gas Institute (NGI)
• US Department of Transportation
• Occupational Health and Safety Administration
  (OHSA)

Source NREL
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Key Issue Centralized vs Distributed H2
Infrastructure
Solar / Biomass / Nuclear
CO2 storage device
Tank truck
Byproduct
Hydrogen tank
Hydrogen
Pipeline
Hydrogen station
Coal
Liquid Fuel
Hydrogen

Petroleum
Dispenser
On-site hydrogen plant
Pipeline
Natural gas
Electricity
Grid
FC vehicle
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Key Issue Financing Energy Projects
Commercialization and Funding Process for New
Technologies
Market/ Business Development
System/Product Development
Component Technology Development
Market Penetration
Research Development
Market Entry
Demonstration
Refined Prototypes
Commercial Prototype
Initial System Prototypes
x
Government and Public Sector Supported Funding
Venture Capital Funding
Potential Public Market Funding
Project Funding
Typical Funding Sources
Fund Focus
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New Energy Capital A 100 Million Project
Investment Fund
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Key Issue Lessons Learned -DOE Clean Cities
Program

• !992 Energy Policy Act
• 10 alt fuels by 2000
• 30 alt fuels by 2010
• DOE Clean Cities infrastructure support/PR
• Missed by a mile
• 2 alt fuels in 2003
• Mostly ethanol blends some NG
• Cant make the business case
• Finance and public support lacking
• OPEC can undersell
• How can H2 be different?

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Bottom Line

• The debate over the sources and uses of H2 is as
  broad as the energy debate itself
• Economic, security and environmental factors
  will determine the ultimate H2 mix and degree of
  penetration
• Responding to climate change and energy security
  challenges will favor low carbon domestic sources
  of H2, particularly renewable energy
• Renewable energy is good for H2 and H2 is good
  for renewable energy