Selling an Idea or a Product

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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 2. decision making
(information integration) a. Startle
behavior 1) example crayfish tail flip
crayfish tail flip video clip
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2) neural circuitry
LGI lateral giant interneuron
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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 2. decision making
(information integration) a. Startle
behavior 1) example crayfish tail
flip 2) neural circuitry --
command neuron neuron both necessary and
sufficient to trigger a particular
behavior -- function like the IRMs proposed
by early ethologists
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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 2. decision making
(information integration) b. Evasive
behavior 1) example evasion of bats by
noctuid moths
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-- hunt by echolocation -- emit pulsed sounds,
20 80 KHz
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• Moth shows two responses
• turns and flies in opposite direction
• -- approaching or receding?
• -- left or right?
• -- above or below?
• performs erratic, loops and dives
• and eventually drops to ground

moth evading bat video clip
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2) neural circuitry
2) neural circuitry
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A1 -- fires only to pulsed sounds
20-80KHz -- firing rate fluctuates with sound
intensity -- sensitive to soft sounds
A2 -- fires only to pulsed sounds
20-80KHz -- constant firing rate -- responds
to loud sounds
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Bat 100 ft away from moth -- moth can detect
bat bat cannot detect moth -- A1 fires moth
turns and fly away
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Approaching or receding? -- if approaching, rate
of A1 firing increases -- if receding, rate of AI
firing decreases
approach
recede
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Left or right?
Left A1
Right A1
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Above or below? -- if above, firing of A1
fluctuates with wing beat -- if below, firing of
A1 constant and not synchronized with wing
beat
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Bat 10 ft away from moth -- moth can detect bat
bat can detect moth -- A2 fires looping, erratic
flight ? -- Same stimulus elicits two
different responses -- No single neuron or
group of neurons functions as an IRM --
Response depends on interactions of sensory
neurons and processing in both brain and thoracic
ganglia.
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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 3. motor output
a. example walking in cockroach
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Walking in Cockroach
Extensor MN (lower extend leg)
Flexor MN (raise flex leg)
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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 3. motor output
b. Central pattern generator (CPG) neuronal
subunit contained entirely within central
nervous system capable of producing complete
motor program without sensory feedback --
neurological basis of fixed action
patterns flexor burst generator (FBG)
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command interneuron
thoracic ganglion
FMN
Flexor muscle
FBG
EMN
Extensor muscle
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• 1. Command interneuron produces continuous
  stream of impulses
• stimulates EMN leg extends
• simultaneously stimulates FBG
• 2. FBG turns continuous input from command
  interneuron into
• periodic output FBG fires
• Inhibits EMN
• excites FMN leg flexes
• 3. FBG falls silent
• command interneuron
• stimulates EMN, leg
• extends
• cycle repeats

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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 3. motor output
c. interaction of CPG and sensory
feedback 1) cuticle stress receptor of
cockroach
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Cuticle stress receptor
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• extra weight on leg causes
• cuticle stress receptor to fire
• excites EMN and leg
• remains extended
• acting through interneuron,
• inhibits FBG which prevents
• flexion
• weight is redistributed
• cuticle stress receptor stops
• firing FBG reactivates and
• basic pattern continues

Cuticle stress receptor
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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 3. motor output
c. interaction of CPG and sensory
feedback 2) walking and jumping in
grasshopper
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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 3. motor output
d. command centers and organization of
CPGs 1) praying mantis
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(inhibitory)
(excitatory)
(motor programs for locomotion)
Caudal ganglion
(motor programs for copulation)
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praying mantis mating video clip
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II. Stimulus-Response Relationships C.
Neurological mechanisms 3. motor output
d. command centers and organization of
CPGs 2) honey bee sting
honey bee sting video clip
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Order Hymenoptera Parasitoid wasp
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Order Hymenoptera Mud Dauber Provisioning Nest
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