dNdt rNKNK

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dN/dt rN(K-N)/K Rate.2 i 2 Carrying
Capacity 15 dN/dt .22(15-2)/15
.35 2.35 .35 2 dN/dt .22.35(15-2.35)/15 d
N/dt .4 2.75 Make a chart and a graph of the
logistic population growth equation and use these
values. Due Tuesday.
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BIO-GEOCHEMICAL NUTRIENT CYCLES

• CARBON CYCLE
• BASIC BUILDING ATOM OF LIFE
• TRAPS HEAT IN THE ATMOSPHERE AS CO2
• ATMOSPHERIC CYCLE (PRIMARILY)
• 0.036 OF TROPOSPHERE
• PHOYOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
• CAN BE IN MINERAL COMPARTMENT
• COAL, OIL, NATURAL GAS
• LIMESTONE (CaCO3) HOLDS LARGEST STORE

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CARBON CYCLE

• OCEAN IS SECOND LARGEST STORAGE
• REACTS WITH SEA WATER TO FORM CARBONATE (CO3)-2
  AND BICARBONATE (HCO3)-1
• AS WATER WARMS, MORE CO2 ADDED TO ATMOSPHERE,
  LIKE WARM SODA FIZZING
• MARINE ANIMALS STORE IT AS Ca(CO3) IN THEIR
  SHELLS, TURNS TO LIMESTONE
• 55X MORE STORED THIS WAY THAN IN ATMOSPHERE

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• CARBON DIOXIDE TRAPS LONG WAVE RADIATION (HEAT)
  IN ATMOSPHERE
• HUMANS DISRUPT CYCLE
• FOREST AND BRUSH REMOVAL
• BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
• BURNING WOOD

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NITROGEN CYCLE

• HUMAN DISRUPTIONS OF N CYCLE
• MINE AMMONIUM NITRATE (NH4NO3) FOR FERTILIZERS,
  HARVEST NITROGEN RICH CROPS, LEACH N THROUGH
  IRRIGATION
• REMOVE N FROM TOPSOIL BY BURNING GRASSLANDS AND
  FORESTS
• ADD EXCESS N TO AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
• ADD ALGAE, DECOMPOSES, REDUCES O2

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NITROGEN CYCLE

• NITROGEN FIXATION
• N2 3H2 2NH3
• CYANOBACTERIA AND RHIZOBIUM BACTERIA IN ROOT
  NODULES
• NITRIFICATION
• AEROBIC BACTERIA CHANGE AMMONIA IN SOIL TO
  NITRITES AND THEN NITRATES
• MORE EASILY ASSIMILATED BY PLANTS
• TURNED INTO PLANT DNA, AMINO ACIDS

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NITROGEN CYCLE

• AMMONIFICATION
• DECOMPOSERS
• CONVERT WASTE TO INORGANIC AMMONIA AND AMMONIUM
• DENITRIFICATION
• OTHER BACTERIA CONVERT ABOVE TO NITRIE, THEN
  NITRATE THEN N2 NITROUS OXIDE (N2O)
• BACK INTO ATMOSPHERIC COMPARTMENT

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NITROGEN CYCLE

• HUMAN DISRUPTIONS OF N CYCLE
• EMIT LARGE AMOUNTS NO (NITROUS OXIDE) INTO THE
  AIR WHEN ANY FUEL IS BURNED
• FORMS NO2 WHEN REACTS WITH O2, THEN FORMS NITRIC
  ACID (HNO3)
• ACID DEPOSITION OR ACID RAIN
• EMIT GREENHOUSE GAS N2O
• ANEROBIC BACTERIA ON LIVESTOCK WASTE AND
  INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

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SULFUR CYCLE

• IN ROCKS AS IRON DISULFIDE OR PYRITE, HYDROUS
  CALCIUM SULFATE OR GYPSUM
• IN ATMOSPHERE AS HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) AND
  SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
• SO2 O2 SO3
• SO3 H20 H2SO4
• DIMETHYLSULFIDE (DMS) PRODUCED BY PLANKTON TURNS
  INTO H2SO4

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SULFUR CYCLE

• HUMAN DISRUPTION
• 1/2 ALL SULFUR IN ATM COMES FROM HUMANS
• 99 OF SO2
• BURN SULFUR CONTAINIG COAL (2/3 OF ALL SO2 IN
  ATM)
• REFINING PETROLEUM
• SMELTING MINERALS INTO FREE METALS
• OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

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PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE

• (PO4)-3 AND (HPO4)-2
• IN DNA, ATP-ADP, NADPH2 - ALL USED IN ENERGY
  STORAGE AND TRANSFER, IN FATS IN CELL MEMBRANES,
  BONES, TEETH, AND SHELLS OF ANIMALS
• PART IN ROCK OR SEDIMENTARY CYCLESLOW
• LIMITING REAGENT IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
• GUANO- BIRD-DEFICATE

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PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE

• HUMAN DISRUPTION
• MINE LARGE DEPOSITS, THAT ARE LIMITED
• CUT FORESTS, WASHED AWAY, NOT RETURNED
• ADD EXCESS P TO AQUATIC SYSTEMS
• CAUSE ALGA BLOOM OF CYANOBACTERIA, AND ALGAE AND
  PLANTS- WHICH DIE ANOXIA.

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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

• 84 OF ATM H20 COMES FROM OCEANS
• ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY,DEW POINT
• CONDENSATION NUCLEI
• SURFACE RUNNOFF
• GROUND WATER
• WATER TABLE, AQUIFER, ARTESIAN SPRINGS

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HUBBARD BROOK EXPERIMENT

• FIELD RESEARCH IN WHITE MTS
• IN HEALTHY ECOSYTEM, NUTRIENT LOSS IS MINIMAL OR
  NONEXISTANT
• RECYCLED BEFORE LOST
• 6-8X LOSS IN DISTURBED SYSTEM
• POLLUTED WATER

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SOIL
The nation that destroys its soil destroys
itself - F.D.R.
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Renewable or nonrenewable?

• Soil is created at a rate of 10 tons per hectare
  (2.5 acres) per year under the best conditions
• Under poor conditions, it can take thousands of
  years to form that much soil
• Soil is created by natural processes, but we are
  depleting it at a faster rate than it can be
  created

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Formation of soils

• Soils are formed from weathering biological
  (plants and fungi), chemical (oxidation), and
  physical (wind, water)
• They are enriched by organic material from plants
  and animals
• The rate at which soil is made is determined by
  the temperature, the amount of soil organisms and
  biotic community

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Major Characteristics of Soil

• Soil Composition
• Particle Size
• Soil Texture
• Organisms
• Soil Horizons

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Soil Composition

• Soils are made of
• particles
• gravel (2-64mm) sand (.05-2mm) silt (.002-.05mm)
  and clay (less than .002mm)
• minerals
• organic material - humus (sticky brown residue
  from partially decomposed plants and animals)
• humus creates structure -how particles cling
  together
• humus holds minerals in soil

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Particle Size

• Particle size determines the amount of air and
  water that is contained in a soil

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Soil Texture
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Properties of Soil Types
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Soil Organisms

• The soil organisms are responsible for breaking
  down the organic material
• Algae live on the surface
• Fungi and bacteria are in the top few cm.
• One half teaspoon can contain hundreds of
  millions of cells
• bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil
• worms and insects add and cycle nutrients in the
  soil

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Types of Soils Desert
Could be very fertile when it is watered.
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Types of Soils grassland
These soils do not receive enough rain to support
trees. A-horizons are black or deep brown. Very
rich in organic matter thus very fertile.
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Types of Soils tropical rain forest
Chemical weathering, frequent heavy rains wash
nutrient out of the soil.
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Types of Soils deciduous forest
Well defined horizons.
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Types of Soils coniferous forest
Soil profile is very shallow.
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Soil Erosion

• Soil erosion the movement of topsoil and leaf
  litter from one place to another
• Caused by wind and air
• Although erosion is normal, plants normally
  anchor topsoil
• logging, farming, grazing, burning an off-road
  vehicles are causing rapid erosion

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Types of Erosion

• Sheet erosion
• surface water moves down a slope thin uniform
  sheets of soil are removed
• Rill erosion
• little rivulets gather to cut small channels
• Gully erosion
• water forms channels and ravines
• Streambank erosion
• washing away of soil from the banks of a river
• results from tree removal and cattle damage

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Rill and Sheet Erosion
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Gully Erosion
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Global soil erosion
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Desertification

• Denuding and degrading land inducing a
  desert-producing cycle
• productive potential of arid or semiarid land
  falls by 10 or more (more than 50)
• Things leading to desertification
• overgrazing of rangelands
• deforestation
• surface mining
• soil compaction
• salt buildup and waterlogging

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

• INVOLVE INPUTS, ACCUMULATIONS, FLOWS
  (THROUGHPUTS), OUTPUTS, MULTIPLE COUPLED FEEDBACK
  LOOPS, AND TIME DELAYS
• SYSTEMS MEASUREMENT
• DATA ANALYSIS
• SYSTEMS MODELING
• SYSTEMS SIMULATION
• SYSTEMS OPTIMIZATION

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ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY AGAIN

• RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY AS SOURCE
• RECYCLE, RECYCLE, RECYCLE

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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

• HELP CONTROL AND MODERATE CLIMATE
• RENEW AIR, WATER, AND SOIL
• RECYCLE VITAL NUTRIENTS THRU CHEMICAL CYCLING
• PROVIDE RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
  RESOURCES AND NON RENEWABLE MINERALS
• FOOD, FIBER, TIMBER, MEDICINES AND PAPER

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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

• POLLINATE CROPS AND OTHER PLANTS
• ABSORB, DILUTE, DETOXIFY POLLUTANTS AND TOXINS
• CONTROL PESTS AND DISEASE
• SLOW EROSION
• PREVENT FLOODING
• RESTORE GROUNDWATER
• PROVIDE DNA FOR EVOLUTION AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

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ENOUGH IS ENOUGH !