Colonial India

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Colonial India
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Sepoy Mutiny
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• Sepoy Mutiny 1857 Massacre at Cawnpore
• In the 19th century Kanpur was an important
  British garrison with barracks for 7,000
  soldiers. In 1857, during the First War of
  Independence, 900 British were besieged in the
  fortifications for 22 days by rebels under Nana
  Sahib. They surrendered on the agreement that
  they would be given safe passage to the nearby
  Suttee Ghat whereupon they would board barges and
  be allowed to go by river to Allahabad. However
  as they boarded the boats they were fired upon by
  cannon. Many were killed and the remaining 200
  were brought back to shore where they were
  locked-up in insufferable conditions in a
  building called the Bibigarh. After some time,
  when it was apparent that the British under
  General Havelock were likely to retake Kanpur,
  Nana Sahib ordered that they be executed. The
  prisoners, about two-thirds of whom were women,
  children babies, were butchered by their
  captors three days before the British entered the
  city on July 18. The corpses were thrown into a
  deep well nearby.
• The Bibighar was dismantled by the British during
  the reoccupation of Kanpur, and a memorial
  railing and a cross were raised at the site of
  the well. The well is now bricked over. Only the
  remains of a circular ridge survive, which can
  still be seen at the Nana Rao Park. The Kanpur
  Memorial Church All Souls' Cathedral - was
  raised in honor of the fallen at the north-east
  corner of Wheelers entrenchment in 1862 by the
  British. The marble gothic screen with the famous
  mournful seraph was transferred to the
  churchyard of All Souls' Church after
  independence in 1947, and in its place a bust of
  Tantiya Tope installed as Nana Rao Park.

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Bahadur Shah Zafar
Jack Nicholson
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Lord Palmerston articulated the feelings of most
Britons when he described the atrocities
committed by the mutineers as acts "such as to be
imagined and  perpetrated only by demons sallying
forth from the lowest depths of hell".
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The Devil Wind
"When every gibbet is red with blood, when the
ground in front of every cannon is strewn with
rags and flesh and shattered bone, then talk of
mercy. Then you may find some to listen."
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Central Asia
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Colonial India
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Nehru and Gandhi, Congress Party
Jinnah, Muslim League
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In 1947, the border between India and its new
neighbour Pakistan became a river of blood, as
the exodus erupted into rioting. These pictures
are by Margaret Bourke-White from Khushwant
Singh's book Train to Pakistan, Roli Books.
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Over 10 million people were uprooted from
their homeland and travelled on foot, bullock
carts and trains to their promised new home.
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An aged and abandoned Muslim couple and their
grand children sitting by the the roadside on
this arduous journey. "The old man is dying of
exhaustion. The caravan has gone on," wrote
Bourke-White.
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In a couple of months in the summer of 1947, a
million people were slaughtered on both sides in
the religious rioting. Here, bodies of the
victims of rioting are picked up from a city
street.
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The massive exchange of population that took
place in the summer of 1947 was unprecedented. It
left behind a trail of death and destruction.
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The street was short and narrow. Lying like the
garbage across the street and in its open gutters
were bodies of the dead," writes Bourke-White's
biographer Vicki Goldberg of this scene.
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With the tragic legacy of an uncertain future, a
young refugee sits on the walls of Purana Qila,
transformed into a vast refugee camp in Delhi.
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Men, women and children who died in the rioting
were cremated on a mass scale. Villagers even
used oil and kerosene when wood was scarce.
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Families were cut to half as men were killed
leaving women to fend for themselves.