BDOL Interactive Chalkboard

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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 1 What is Biology? Unit 2 Ecology Unit
3 The Life of a Cell Unit 4 Genetics Unit 5
Change Through Time Unit 6 Viruses, Bacteria,
Protists, and Fungi Unit 7 Plants Unit 8
Invertebrates Unit 9 Vertebrates Unit 10 The
Human Body
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 1 What is Biology? Chapter 1
Biology The Study of Life Unit 2 Ecology
Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Chapter
3 Communities and Biomes Chapter 4
Population Biology Chapter 5 Biological
Diversity and Conservation Unit 3 The Life of a
Cell Chapter 6 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 7 A View of the Cell Chapter 8
Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 4 Genetics Chapter 10 Mendel and
Meiosis Chapter 11 DNA and Genes
Chapter 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human
Genetics Chapter 13 Genetic Technology Unit
5 Change Through Time Chapter 14 The
History of Life Chapter 15 The Theory of
Evolution Chapter 16 Primate Evolution
Chapter 17 Organizing Lifes Diversity
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 6 Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Chapter 18 Viruses and Bacteria Chapter
19 Protists Chapter 20 Fungi Unit 7
Plants Chapter 21 What Is a Plant?
Chapter 22 The Diversity of Plants
Chapter 23 Plant Structure and Function
Chapter 24 Reproduction in Plants
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 8 Invertebrates Chapter 25 What Is
an Animal? Chapter 26 Sponges,
Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
Roundworms Chapter 27
Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28
Arthropods Chapter 29 Echinoderms and
Invertebrate
Chordates
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 9 Vertebrates Chapter 30 Fishes
and Amphibians Chapter 31 Reptiles and
Birds Chapter 32 Mammals Chapter 33
Animal Behavior Unit 10 The Human Body
Chapter 34 Protection, Support, and
Locomotion Chapter 35 The Digestive and
Endocrine Systems Chapter 36 The Nervous
System Chapter 37 Respiration,
Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38
Reproduction and Development Chapter 39
Immunity from Disease
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Unit Overview pages 32-33
Ecology
Principles of Ecology
Communities and Biomes
Population Biology
Biological Diversity and Conservation
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Chapter Contents page vii
Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms
and their Environment 2.1 Section Check 2.2
Nutrition and Energy Flow 2.2 Section
Check Chapter 2 Summary Chapter 2 Assessment
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Chapter Intro-page 34
What Youll Learn
You will describe ecology and the work of
ecologists.
You will identify important aspects of an
organisms environment.
You will trace the flow of energy and nutrients
in the living and nonliving worlds.
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2.1 Section Objectives page 35
Section Objectives

• Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic
  factors in the environment.

• Compare the different levels of biological
  organization and living relationships important
  in ecology.

• Explain the difference between a niche and a
  habitat.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Sharing the World

• What affects the environment also affects you.

• Understanding what affects the environment is
  important because it is where you live.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Studying nature

• The study of plants and animals, including where
  they grow and live, what they eat, or what eats
  them, is called natural history.

• These data reflect the status or health of the
  world in which you live.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
What is ecology?

• The branch of biology that developed from natural
  history is called ecology.

• Ecology is the study of interactions that take
  place between organisms and their environment.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Ecological research

• Scientific research includes using descriptive
  and quantitative methods.

• Most ecologists use both descriptive and
  quantitative research.

• They obtain descriptive information by observing
  organisms.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Ecological research

• They obtain quantitative data by making
  measurements and carrying out controlled
  experiments in the field and in the laboratory.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
The Biosphere

• The biosphere is the portion of Earth that
  supports living things.

• It extends from high in the atmosphere to the
  bottom of the oceans.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
The Biosphere

• Although it is thin, the biosphere supports a
  diverse group of organisms in a wide range of
  climates.

• Living things are affected by both the physical
  or nonliving environment and by other living
  things.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
The nonliving environment Abiotic factors

• The nonliving parts of an organisms environment
  are the abiotic factors.

• Examples of abiotic factors include air currents,
  temperature, moisture, light, and soil.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
The nonliving environment Abiotic factors

• Ecology includes the study of features of the
  environment that are not living because these
  features are part of an organisms life.

• Abiotic factors have obvious effects on living
  things and often determine which species survive
  in a particular environment.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
The nonliving environment Abiotic factors

• This graph shows how the plants glucose (food)
  production is affected by temperature.

Food Production in Salt Bush
15
10
Food production (mg of glucose/hr)
5
30
40
50
10
20
Temperature (C)
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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
The living environment Biotic factors

• A key consideration of ecology is that living
  organisms affect other living organisms.

• All the living organisms that inhabit an
  environment are called biotic factors.

• All organisms depend on others directly or
  indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction or
  protection.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Levels of Organization

• Ecologists study individual organisms,
  interactions among organisms of the same species,
  interactions among organisms of different
  species, as well as the effects of abiotic
  factors on interacting species.

• Ecologists have organized the living world into
  levelsthe organism by itself, populations,
  communities, and ecosystems.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Organism

• An individual living thing that is made of cells,
  uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and
  develops.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Interactions within populations

• A population is a group of organisms, all of the
  same species, which interbreed and live in the
  same area at the same time.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Interactions within populations

• Members of the same population may compete with
  each other for food, water, mates, or other
  resources.

• Competition can occur whether resources are in
  short supply or not.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Interactions within communities

• Just as a population is made up of individuals,
  several different populations make up a
  biological community.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Interactions within communities

• A biological community is made up of interacting
  populations in a certain area at a certain time.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Interactions within communities

• A change in one population in a community may
  cause changes in the other populations.

• Some of these changes can be minor, such as when
  a small increase in the number of individuals of
  one population causes a small decrease in the
  size of another population.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Interactions within communities

• Other changes might be more extreme, as when the
  size of one population grows so large it begins
  affecting the food supply for another species in
  the community.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Ecosystem

• Populations of plants and animals that interact
  with each other in a given area and with the
  abiotic components of that area.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems

• An ecosystem is made up of interacting
  populations in a biological community and the
  communitys abiotic factors.

• There are two major kinds of ecosystemsterrestria
  l ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems
Table 2.1 Examples of Ecosystems

• Terrestial ecosystems are those located on land.

Aquatic Ecosystems
Other Sites for Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystems

• Human body
• Skin
• Intestine
• Mouth
• Buildings
• Mold in walls, floors, or basement
• Ventilation systems
• Bathrooms
• Food
• Any moldy food
• Refrigerator

• Forest
• Old farm field
• Meadow
• Yard
• Garden plot
• Empty lot
• Compost heap
• Volcano site
• Rotting log

• Freshwater
• Pond
• Lake
• Stream
• Estuary
• Salt water (marine)
• Ocean
• Estuary
• Aquarium

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems

• Aquatic ecosystems occur in both fresh- and
  saltwater forms.

Table 2.1 Examples of Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystems
Other Sites for Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystems

• Human body
• Skin
• Intestine
• Mouth
• Buildings
• Mold in walls, floors, or basement
• Ventilation systems
• Bathrooms
• Food
• Any moldy food
• Refrigerator

• Forest
• Old farm field
• Meadow
• Yard
• Garden plot
• Empty lot
• Compost heap
• Volcano site
• Rotting log

• Freshwater
• Pond
• Lake
• Stream
• Estuary
• Salt water (marine)
• Ocean
• Estuary
• Aquarium

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems

• Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, and
  streams.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Biotic and abiotic factors form ecosystems

• Saltwater ecosystems, also called marine
  ecosystems, make up approximately 70 percent of
  Earths surface.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Organisms in Ecosystems

• A habitat is the place where an organism lives
  out its life.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Organisms in Ecosystems

• Habitats can change, and even disappear.
  Habitats can change due to both natural and human
  causes.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Niche

• Although several species may share a habitat, the
  food, shelter, and other essential resources of
  that habitat are often used in different ways.

• A niche is the role or position a species has in
  its environmenthow it meets its specific needs
  for food and shelter, how and where it survives,
  and where it reproduces in its environment.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Niche

• A species niche, therefore, includes all its
  interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of
  its habitat.

• It is thought that two species cant exist for
  long in the same community if their niches are
  the same.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Symbiosis

• The relationship in which there is a close and
  permanent association between organisms of
  different species is called symbiosis.

• Simbiosis means living together. Three kinds of
  symbiosis are recognized mutualism,
  commensalism, and parasitism.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Mutualism

• A symbiotic relationship in which both species
  benefit is called mutualism.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Commensalism

• Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which
  one species benefits and the other species is
  neither harmed nor benefited.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Parasitism

• Some interactions are harmful to one species, yet
  beneficial to another.

• A symbiotic relationship in which a member of one
  species derives benefit at the expense of another
  species (the host) is called parasitism.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Parasitism

• Parasites have evolved in such a way that they
  harm, but usually do not kill the host species.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Parasitism

• A predator is a type of consumer. Predators seek
  out and eat other organisms.

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Section 2.1 Summary pages 35 - 45
Parasitism

• Predation is found in all ecosystems and includes
  organisms that eat plants and animals.

• The animals that predators eat are called prey.

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Section 1 Check
Question 1
The study of interactions that take place
between organisms and their environment is
__________.
A. abiosis
B. symbiosis
C. ecology
D. biology
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6a-6g
49
Section 1 Check
The answer is C. Ecology is a branch of biology
that developed from natural history.
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6a-6g
50
Section 1 Check
Question 2
Which of the following is found in the
biosphere?
A. ozone layer
B. maria
C. the Sun
D. constellation Orion
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6e
51
Section 1 Check
The answer is A. The biosphere is the portion of
Earth that supports living things and extends
high into Earth's atmosphere. Maria are
dark-colored regions on the moon.
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6e
52
Section 1 Check
Question 3
Which of the following is a biotic factor?
A. moisture
B. soil
C. earthworm
D. light
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6d
53
Section 1 Check
The answer is C. Biotic factors are all the
living organisms that inhabit an environment.
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6d
54
Section 1 Check
Question 4
A(n) __________ is a group of organisms, all of
the same species, which interbreed and live in
the same place at the same time.
A. biological community
B. population
C. ecosystem
D. habitat
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6a
55
Section 1 Check
The answer is B. Communities and ecosystems are
comprised of more than one species. Habitat
refers to the place an organism lives.
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6a
56
Section 2 Objectives page 46
Section Objectives

• Compare how organisms satisfy their
  nutritional needs.

• Trace the path of energy and matter in an
  ecosystem.

• Analyze how matter is cycled in the abiotic and
  biotic parts of the biosphere.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
How Organisms Obtain Energy

• One of the most important characteristics of a
  species niche is how it obtains energy.

• Ecologists trace the flow of energy through
  communities to discover nutritional relationships
  between organisms.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The producers Autotrophs

• The ultimate source of the energy for life is the
  sun.

• Plants use the suns energy to manufacture food
  in a process called photosynthesis.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The producers Autotrophs

• An organism that uses light energy or energy
  stored in chemical compounds to make energy-rich
  compounds is a producer, or autotroph.

• Other organisms in the biosphere depend on
  autotrophs for nutrients and energy. These
  dependent organisms are called consumers.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The consumers Heterotrophs

• An organism that cannot make its own food and
  feeds on other organisms is called a heterotroph.

• Heterotrophs include organisms that feed only on
  autotrophs, organisms that feed only on other
  heterotrophs, and organisms that feed on both
  autotrophs and heterotrophs.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The consumers Heterotrophs

• Heterotrophs display a variety of feeding
  relationships.

• A heterotroph that feeds only on plants is an
  herbivore.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The consumers Heterotrophs

• Some heterotrophs eat other heterotrophs.
  Animals such as lions that kill and eat only
  other animals are carnivores.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The consumers Heterotrophs

• Scavengers eat animals that have already died.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The consumers Heterotrophs

• Some organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, are
  decomposers.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The consumers Heterotrophs

• Decomposers break down the complex compounds of
  dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler
  molecules that can be more easily absorbed.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Autotrophs
Third-order heterotrophs
Second-order heterotrophs
First-order heterotrophs
Decomposers
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Food chains Pathways for matter and energy

• A food chain is a simple model that scientists
  use to show how matter and energy move through an
  ecosystem.

• In a food chain, nutrients and energy move from
  autotrophs to heterotrophs and, eventually, to
  decomposers.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Food chains Pathways for matter and energy

• A food chain is drawn using arrows to indicate
  the direction in which energy is transferred from
  one organism to the next.

berries ? mice ? black bear
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Food chains Pathways for matter and energy

• Most food chains consist of two, three, or four
  transfers.

• The amount of energy remaining in the final
  transfer is only a portion of what was available
  at the first transfer.

• A portion of the energy is given off as heat at
  each transfer.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Trophic levels represent links in the chain

• Each organism in a food chain represents a
  feeding step, or trophic level, in the passage of
  energy and materials.

• A first order heterotroph is an organism that
  feeds on plants, such as a grasshopper.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Trophic levels represent links in the chain

• A second order heterotroph is an organism that
  feeds on a first order heterotroph.

• A food chain represents only one possible route
  for the transfer of matter and energy through an
  ecosystem.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Food webs

• Ecologists interested in energy flow in an
  ecosystem may set up experiments with as many
  organisms in the community as they can.

• The model they create, called a food web, shows
  all the possible feeding relationships at each
  trophic level in a community.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Chihuahuan raven
Honey mesquite (pods eaten by beetles)
Food webs
Pronghorn antelope
Gambel quail
Jackrabbit
Desert tortoise
Coyote (top carnivore)
Prickly pear cactus
Long-tail weasel
Roadrunner
Kangaroo rat (seed eater)
Mojave rattlesnake
ants
Red spotted toad
Mexican whiptail lizard
Texas horned lizard
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Energy and trophic levels Ecological pyramids

• An ecological pyramid can show how energy flows
  through an ecosystem.

• The base of the ecological pyramid represents the
  autotrophs, or first trophic level. Higher
  trophic levels are layered on top of one another.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Energy and trophic levels Ecological pyramids
Pyramid of Energy
Heat
0.1 Consumers

• The pyramid of energy illustrates that the amount
  of available energy decreases at each succeeding
  trophic level.

1 Consumers
Heat
10 Consumers
Heat
100 Producers
Heat
Parasites, scavengers, and decomposers feed at
each level.
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Energy and trophic levels Ecological pyramids

• The total energy transfer from one trophic level
  to the next is only about ten percent because
  organisms fail to capture and eat all the food
  energy available at the trophic level below them.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Energy and trophic levels Ecological pyramids

• Some of the energy transferred at each successive
  trophic level enters the environment as heat, but
  the total amount of energy remains the same.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Energy and trophic levels Ecological pyramids

• A pyramid of numbers shows that population sizes
  decrease at each higher trophic level.

Pyramid of Numbers
Fox (1)
Birds (25)
Grasshoppers (250)
Grasses (3000)
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Energy and trophic levels Ecological pyramids

• Biomass is the total weight of living matter at
  each trophic level. A pyramid of biomass
  represents the total weight of living material
  available at each trophic level.

Pyramid of Biomass
1 kilogram of human tissue
10 kilograms of beef
100 kilograms of grain
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
Cycles in Nature

• Matter, in the form of nutrients, moves through,
  or is part of, all organisms at each trophic
  level.

• But matter is cycled and is not replenished like
  the energy from sunlight. There is a finite
  amount of matter.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The water cycle

• In the water cycle, water is constantly moving
  between the atmosphere and Earth.

Condensation
Evaporation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Runoff
Evaporation
Oceans
Groundwater
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The carbon cycle

• From proteins to sugars, carbon is the building
  block of the molecules of life.

• Linked carbon atoms form the frame for molecules
  produced by plants and other living things.

• Organisms use these carbon molecules for growth
  and energy.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The carbon cycle
Open burning
Atmospheric CO2
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Fuel Combustion
Respiration
Fuel Combustion
Photosynthesis
Dissolved CO2
Respiration
Death and decay
Death and decay
Fossil fuels
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The nitrogen cycle

• In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is converted from
  a gas to compounds important for life and back to
  a gas.

85
Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen in the atmosphere
Some excess nitrogen evaporates from soil.
Dead plant matter
Urine from animals
Decomposing organisms
Assimilated by plants
Decomposersbacteria and fungibreak down tissues
and wastes and nitrogen-containing compounds are
released.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nodules on roots
of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Released to the atmosphere
Nitrogen compounds released into soils and acted
upon by soil bacteria
Converted to other nitrogen compounds by soil
bacteria
Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria
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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The phosphorus cycle

• In the phosphorus cycle, phosphorus moves between
  the living and nonliving parts of the environment.

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Section 2.2 Summary pages 46 - 57
The phosphorus cycle
Phosphate enters streams and oceans from
weathering rocks, runoff, and leaching, from soil.
Rain washes phosphates from the land.
Phosphate weathers from rock.
Geologic process of uplifting occurs over
millions of years.
Decaying materials containing phosphates settle
out into streams and oceans.
Phosphates become available for plants again.
Plant wastes
New rock forms from sedimentation. Phosphate
becomes locked in rocks.
Animal wastes
Phosphates released into soil,.
Phosphates leach into streams from soil.
Soil decomposers act on plant and animal wastes.
Long-term Cycle
Short-term Cycle
88
Section 2 Check
Question 1
Which of the following is a producer?
Chloroplast
A. autotroph
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
B. heterotroph
Eyespot
C. decomposer
D. herbivore
Flagellum
Pellicle
Contractile vacuole
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6e
89
Section 2 Check
The answer is A. Organisms that make energy-rich
compounds are producers, or autotrophs.
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Eyespot
Flagellum
Pellicle
Contractile vacuole
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6e
90
Section 2 Check
Question 2
In a food chain, nutrients and energy move
from __________ to __________.
A. autotrophs, autotrophs
B. autotrophs, heterotrophs
C. heterotrophs, autotrophs
D. decomposers, autotrophs
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6e
91
Section 2 Check
The answer is B. The first level in all food
chains is made up of producers.
berries ? mice ? black bear
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6e
92
Section 2 Check
Question 3
A model of all the possible feeding
relationships at each trophic level in a
community is a(n) __________.
A. food pathway
B. food chain
C. food matrix
D. food web
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6f
93
Section 2 Check
Chihuahuan raven
Honey mesquite (pods eaten by beetles)
Pronghorn antelope
Gambel quail
Jackrabbit
Desert tortoise
Coyote (top carnivore)
Prickly pear cactus
Long-tail weasel
Roadrunner
Kangaroo rat (seed eater)
Mojave rattlesnake
ants
Red spotted toad
Mexican whiptail lizard
Texas horned lizard
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6f
94
Section 2 Check
The answer is D. A food web is a more realistic
model than a food chain, because most organisms
depend on more than one other species for food.
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6f
95
Chapter Summary 2.1
Organisms and Their Environment

• Natural history, the observation of how organisms
  live out their lives in nature, led to the
  development of the science of ecologythe study
  of the interactions of organisms with one another
  and with their environments.

96
Chapter Summary 2.1
Organisms and Their Environment

• Ecologists classify and study the biological
  levels of organization from the individual to
  ecosystem. Ecologists study the abiotic and
  biotic factors that are a part of an organisms
  habitat. They investigate the strategies an
  organism is adapted with to exist in its niche.

97
Chapter Summary 2.2
Nutrition and Energy Flow

• Autotrophs, such as plants, make nutrients that
  can be used by the plants and by heterotrophs.
  Heterotrophs include herbivores, carnivores,
  omnivores, and decomposers.

• Food chains are simple models that show how
  energy and materials move from autotrophs to
  heterotrophs and eventually to decomposers.

98
Chapter Summary 2.2
Nutrition and Energy Flow

• Food webs represent many interconnected food
  chains and illustrate pathways in which energy
  and materials are transferred within an
  ecosystem. Energy is transferred through food
  webs. The materials of life, such as carbon and
  nitrogen, are used and reused as they cycle
  through the ecosystem.

99
Chapter Assessment
Question 1
Which of the following is a biological community?
A. the organisms living in your backyard today
B. the tadpoles living in a pond
C. the abiotic factors in the environment
D. the factors interacting in an aquatic
ecosystem
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6c
100
The answer is A. A biological community consists
of all the populations of different species that
live in the same place at the same time and does
not include abiotic factors. Changes in one of
these populations may cause changes in the other
populations of the community.
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6c
Chapter Assessment
101
Chapter Assessment
Question 2
A(n) __________ is the place where an organism
lives out its life.
A. environment
B. niche
C. habitat
D. community
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6a
102
The answer is C. A species' habitat is the place
where it lives and its niche is the role it plays
in its environment, including interactions with
abiotic factors.
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6a
Chapter Assessment
103
Chapter Assessment
Question 3
Compare commensalism and parasitism.
Fungal hypha
Host cell
Haustorium
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6a, 6e
104
Both commensalism and parasitism are examples of
symbiosis, in which organisms of different
species live in close association, benefiting one
species. In parasitism, one species derives
benefit at the expense of the other, but in a
commensal relationship the second species is not
harmed.
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6a, 6e
Chapter Assessment
105
Chapter Assessment
Question 4
Which of the following models best illustrates
heat released at each trophic level of an
ecosystem?
A. food chain
B. food web
C. pyramid of energy
D. pyramid of biomass
CA Biology/Life Sciences 6f
106
The answer is C. The pyramid of energy shows
energy available. Organisms at each trophic level
use some energy in food for metabolism and some
is given off as heat. The total amount of energy
remains the same in accordance with the law of
conservation of energy.
Pyramid of Energy
Heat
0.1 Consumers
1 Consumers
Heat
10 Consumers
Heat
100 Producers
Heat
Parasites, scavengers, and decomposers feed at
each level.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 5
Compare the amount of energy available in the
biosphere to the amount of matter here.
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Both energy and matter are conserved they may be
transformed, but are not destroyed. However,
sunlight is the primary source of all the energy
utilized and transferred in the biosphere. It is
always being replenished by the sun.
In contrast, there is a finite amount of matter
in the biosphere, which is cycled and not
replenished.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 6
Which of the following does not cycle into the
atmosphere?
A. phosphorus
B. nitrogen
C. carbon
D. water
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The answer is A. Phosphorus moves between the
living and nonliving parts of the environment,
but does not enter the atmosphere as a gas.
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Phosphate enters streams and oceans from
weathering rocks, runoff, and leaching, from soil.
Rain washes phosphates from the land.
Phosphate weathers from rock.
Geologic process of uplifting occurs over
millions of years.
Decaying materials containing phosphates settle
out into streams and oceans.
Phosphates become available for plants again.
Plant wastes
New rock forms from sedimentation. Phosphate
becomes locked in rocks.
Animal wastes
Phosphates released into soil,.
Phosphates leach into streams from soil.
Soil decomposers act on plant and animal wastes.
Long-term Cycle
Short-term Cycle
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Chapter Assessment
Question 7
Which type of organism consumes both plant and
animal products?
A. herbivore
B. carnivore
C. predator
D. omnivore
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The answer is D. Humans are omnivores and eat a
variety of foods that include both plant and
animal materials. The figure shows recommended
food servings for good health.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 8
Which of the following relationships is an
example of mutualism?
A. Ants feeding on nectar of acacia trees while
protecting the trees from other animals.
B. orchids aided by growing on large plants
neither harming nor benefiting the larger
plants
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Chapter Assessment
Question 8
Which of the following relationships is an
example of mutualism?
C. ticks obtaining nutrients from a host animal
D. lions preying on zebras
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The answer is A. Ants and acacia trees both
benefit from living in close association.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 9
Compare a niche to a population.
Answer
A population is a group of organisms of the same
species that live in the same place at the same
time. A niche is the role a species has in its
environment, and includes all its interactions
with biotic and abiotic parts of its habitat.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 10
How does water on Earth's surface get back into
the atmosphere?
Condensation
Evaporation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Runoff
Evaporation
Oceans
Groundwater
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The processes of evaporation of water in lakes
and oceans and transpiration by plants both put
water vapor into the air.
Condensation
Evaporation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Runoff
Evaporation
Oceans
Groundwater
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Photo Credits

• Corbis
• Digital Stock
• Harris Biological Supplies, LTD  
• NOAA
• PhotoDisc
• Alton Biggs

Chapter Assessment
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