The Sustainable Hydrogen Economy Fermilab - June 6, 2005

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The Sustainable Hydrogen Economy Fermilab -
June 6, 2005

• John A. Turner
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden CO 80401
• [phone]
• John_Turner_at_nrel.gov

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Energy is as important to modern society as food
and water.
What energy-producing technologies can be
envisioned that will last for millennia, and just
how many people can they sustain?
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Energy Systems
Questions Answers

• Sustainability
• Resource availability
• Environmental impacts
• Geopolitical factors
• Security
• The Developing World
• Energy Carrier
• Return on Investment

• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear
• Solar-Derived
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Biomass
• Hydro

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Oil Distribution and Utilization
Have Oil
Use Oil

• Saudi Arabia 26
• Iraq 11
• Kuwait 10
• Iran 9
• UAE 8
• Venezuela 6
• Russia 5
• Mexico 3
• Libya 3
• China 3
• Nigeria 2
• U.S. 2

• U.S. 26
• Japan 7
• China 6
• Germany 4
• Russia 3
• S. Korea 3
• France 3
• Italy 3
• Mexico 3
• Brazil 3
• Canada 3
• India 3

The U.S. uses more than the next 5
highest consuming nations combined.

Updated August 2002. Source International
Energy Annual 1999 (EIA), Tables 1.2 and 8.1.
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Outlook for Fossil Fuel Resources
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CO2 and Global Climate Change
380 ppm
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Sea Level Rise of 17 Feet (5.2 m)Western
Antarctic Ice Sheet
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/warming/waterworld/
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Carbon Sequestration Capturing carbon dioxide
from a power plant and storing it someplace so
that it cannot get into the atmosphere.
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Renewable Energy vs. SequestrationBroad
Perspective J. Turner view

• To modify or build a new energy infrastructure
  requires money and energy - that energy must come
  from existing resources.
• Sequestration is only a temporary fix.
• Sequestration increases the rate at which we
  consume our finite resources.

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Spaceship Earth
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World Population Growth 1750-2100
Source Population Reference Bureau
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Energy Issues and Challenges

• Energy is the major input for overall
  socio-economic development. C.R. Kamalanathan,
  Secretary, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy
  Sources, Government of India.
• National security depends on energy security.
  President George W. Bush.
• "The Americans in this area are very much the
  villains of the piece. They've not gone along
  with Kyoto and yet they are unquestionably the
  largest polluter with 4 of the world's
  population and 25 of greenhouse gas emissions.
  Sir Crispin Tickell, the former British
  ambassador to the UN.

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Sustainable Energy SystemsEnergy systems that
can last for millennia
Questions Answers

• Sustainability
• Resource availability
• Energy Payback
• Environmental impacts
• Geopolitical factors
• Security
• The Developing World
• Energy Carrier

• Biomass
• Solar-Derived
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Nuclear
• Hydro
• Wave
• Hydrogen

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U.S. Renewable Energy Resources
Wind
Solar
2
Megajoules/m
6.0-6.5 m/s
13.4-14.6 mph
6.5-70 m/s
14.6-15.7 mph
gt7.0 m/s
15.7 mph
Biomass
Geothermal
Agricultural resources
residues
Wood resources
and residues
Agricultural and
wood residues
Low inventory
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J. A. Turner, A Realizable Renewable Energy
Future, Science, 285, p 5428, (1999).
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Wind Energy - Dual UseCurrent yearly leasing
income is 2000 per turbine
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Energy Payback for Wind and PV

• Crystalline PV is about 4 years.
• Thin film is about 3 years.
• Both include cells, frames, and supports.
• Wind is 3-4 months!
• Includes scrapping the turbine at the end of its
  life.
• Nuclear is about 1 year, but does not include
  10,000 years of waste storage.

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Sustainable Energy SystemsEnergy systems that
can last for millennia
Questions Answers

• Sustainability
• Resource availability
• Energy Payback
• Environmental impacts
• Geopolitical factors
• Security
• The Developing World
• Energy Carrier

• Biomass
• Solar-Derived
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Nuclear
• Hydro
• Wave
• Hydrogen

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The Hydrogen Economy
The production of hydrogen, primarily from water
but also from other feedstocks, its distribution
and utilization as an energy carrier.

• Distribution
• Used onsite
• Pipelines
• Compressed gas
• Liquid

• Utilization
• Fuel cells
• Turbines
• IC Engines

• Energy Generation
• Fossil fuels
• Biomass
• Nuclear
• Geothermal
• Renewable e-
• Solar
• Wind
• Hydro

• Production
• Electrolysis
• Thermolysis
• Conversion

• Feedstock
• Water
• Fossil fuels
• Biomass

Transportation fuel and energy storage.
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"Yes, my friends, I believe that water will one
day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen
which constitute it, used singly or together,
will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and
light, of an intensity of which coal is not
capable....Water will be the coal of the future"
(J. Verne, The Mysterious Island, 1874)
Vision
www.literature-web.net/verne/mysteriousisland
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Sustainable Paths to Hydrogen
Solar Energy
Biomass
Heat
Mechanical Energy
Conversion
Electricity
Thermolysis
Electrolysis
Photolysis
Hydrogen
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Direct Conversion SystemsCombination of a Light
Harvesting System and a Water Splitting System

• Semiconductor photoelectrolysis
• Photobiological Systems
• Homogeneous water splitting
• Heterogeneous water splitting
• Thermal cycles

(Sunlight and Water to Hydrogen with No External
Electron Flow)
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Thermochemical Biomass to Hydrogen Processes

• Thermochemical Processes
• Indirectly-heated gasification
• Oxygen-blown gasification
• Pyrolysis

• Technical Barriers
• Feedstock Cost and Availability
• Efficiency of Gasification, Pyrolysis, and
  Reforming Technology

General Process
Catalytic steam reforming
Gasification or pyrolysis
Shift conversion
PSA purification
Biomass
Hydrogen
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Ralph Overend - NREL
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Sustainable Paths to Hydrogen
Solar Energy
Biomass
Heat
Mechanical Energy
Conversion
Electricity
Thermolysis
Electrolysis
Photolysis
Hydrogen
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Renewable Hydrogen Production via Electrolysis
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Norsk Hydro Electrolyzershttp//www.electrolysers
.com/
5150 A at 400 V
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Chlor-Alkali Industry
U.S. Chlorine Production 15 million tons/year
400,000 tons/year byproduct hydrogen
7-10 MW typical Largest plants 20MW
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Current Energy Efficiency of Electrolysis

• Electricity costs are a major contributor to the
  cost of electrolysis.
• Capital costs, especially for smaller systems,
  are also significant
• Larger electrolyzers arrays are needed to take
  advantage of potential low cost, high volume
  electricity production methods like wind.

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Renewable Energy Cost Trends
Levelized cents/kWh in constant 20001
4030 20 10 0
100 80 60 40 20 0
PV
Wind
COE cents/kWh
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
70 60 50 40 30 20 100
1512 9 6 30
10 8 6 4 20
Solar thermal
Biomass
Geothermal
COE cents/kWh
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Source NREL Energy Analysis Office 1These graphs
are reflections of historical cost trends NOT
precise annual historical data. Updated October
2002
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Cost of wind-source GH2 fuel delivered at
end-of-pipe at distant city gate
Assumes Unsubsidized (no federal PTC, or other)
No oxygen sales Windplant _at_ US 830 / kW Total
Installed Capital Cost (TICC) Electrolyzers _at_
330 / kW Total Installed Capital Cost
(TICC) Pipeline 20 OD _at_ US 29 / inch diam /
m length
William C. Leighty, Director, The Leighty
foundation Jeff Holloway, Pipeline Technologies,
Inc. Rupert Merer, Stuart Energy Dr. Brian
Somerday, Dr. Chris San Marchi, Sandia National
Laboratory Geoff Keith, Synapse Energy Economics
Presented at Windpower05, Denver, 15-18 May 2005
World Solar Congress, Orlando, 6-12 Aug.
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Hydrogen from Non-fossil Domestic Resources
If 50 of the US light-duty fleet were converted
to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles with an efficiency
twice the current average, it would require
approximately 40 million tons of hydrogen per
year. To produce that, you would need

• Wind 555 GW (current 6.7 GW) (16 years _at_ 28)
• PV 740 GW (current 0.2 GW) (22 years _at_ 30)
• Nuclear 216 GW (current 98 GW)

Assuming all the hydrogen was produced solely by
70 efficient electrolysis powered by that
resource.
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Wind Energy Possible Future Growth Scenarios
Paul Scott
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PV/electrolysis area for 40M tons H2.
J. A. Turner, A Realizable Renewable Energy
Future, Science, 285, p 5428, (1999).
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Water Issues
Water Required to Produce Hydrogen for a U.S.
Fuel Cell Vehicle Fleet 100 billion gallons
water/year.

• We use about 300 billion gallons of water/year in
  the gasoline refinery industry alone.
• Domestic water use in the U.S. is about 4,800
  billion gallons per year.
• U.S. uses about 70 trillion gallons of water per
  year for thermoelectric power generation.
• Fossil production of electricity consumes about
  0.5 gal water per kWh produced.
• Wind and PV consume no water during their
  electricity production. This means that every kWh
  of wind that replaces a kWh of coal saves 0.5
  gallons of water. If we aggressively install
  wind, then our overall water usage would drop.

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Seasonal Storage in Geological Reservoirs
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Instead of CO2 injection
Do Hydrogen Storage
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Renewable-Based Hydrogen Economy Closed Energy
Cycle
Oxygen
Inputs Solar Energy and Water
Fuel cell Outputs Electricity, Heat and Water
Stored Hydrogen
Water
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Fuel Cell
An electrochemical device that converts the
chemical energy in a fuel directly to electricity
without the intervening combustion used in a
conventional power system In a typical fuel
cell, hydrogen and oxygen react electrochemically
at separate electrodes, producing electricity,
heat, and water.
Load
Fuel In
Oxidant In
H2
O2
(PEM)
H2O
H2O
Anode
Cathode
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California Fuel Cell Partnership
Vehicles Hydrogen-fueled zero-emission vehicles
Clockwise from top left Hyundai,
Daimler-Chrysler, Ford, Nissan, Volkswagen,
Honda, GM(center)
www.fuelcellpartnership.org/
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Efficiency Comparison
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Fuel Cell Powered Zero Emission Busses
(www.sunline.org)
Thor UTC Bus
Xcellsis ZEbus
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Hydrogen Distribution Systems
Liquid Hydrogen
Compressed Hydrogen
70 million gallons of liquid hydrogen per year
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The Sustainable Hydrogen Economy
The production of hydrogen, primarily from water
but also from other feedstocks, its distribution
and utilization as an energy carrier.

• Distribution
• Used onsite
• Pipelines
• Compressed gas
• Liquid

• Utilization
• Fuel cells
• Turbines
• IC Engines

• Energy Generation
• Biomass
• Renewable e-
• Solar
• Wind
• Hydro
• Geothermal
• Nuclear

• Production
• Electrolysis
• Thermolysis
• Conversion

• Feedstock
• Water
• Biomass

Transportation fuel and energy storage.
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The ECTOS-hydrogen station, An example of
pre-commercial filling station
Dispenser
Icel. New Business Venture Fund, Reykjavik
Energy, The National Power Company, Hitaveita
Sudurnesja, University of Iceland, The
Technological Institute of Iceland, Fertilizer
Plant, Reykjavik Resources, Government of Iceland
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Hydrogen Station Opened April 24, 2003Only
station in the world operating at a conventional
gasoline station (has full commercial license)
Icelands Hydrogen-Based Fuel Project
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Utsera ProjectOpened July 1, 2004
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Residential/Rooftop Solar-Hydrogen Market
Concept Interconnected Mini-Grids

• Houses/Rooftops produce electricity using PV to
  run a community electrolyzer to produce 100kg
  hydrogen/day for Transportation fuel and
  Emergency Power and Storage
• 1 MW PV distributed over 125 homes 2.2 Million
• 1 MW Fuel Cell 200,000 (based on 2015 goal of
  200/kW for stationary fuel cell)
• 5 Refueling Units to produce 100 kg/day x 100K
  each 500K
• Total System Cost 2.9 Million

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Mass Production and Sustainable Energy
Current energy generating systems are
characterized by large centralized plants, not
amenable to mass manufacturing.

• Sustainable energy systems such as wind, PV, fuel
  cells, and electrolyzers can all be manufactured
  as smaller units and added together to produce
  larger systems.
• High volumes translate into major cost savings.
• Small (home/village/city) systems can start
  producing immediately and then can be increased
  linearly.
• The DaimlerChrysler Saltillo (Mexico) plant makes
  1200 engines/day (460,000 per year) a similar
  plant in Germany makes 3000 engines/day.

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The International Linear ColliderA modest
proposal for 200MW

• Average power of 200MW
• 1752 GW-hr/y at .03/kWh 52 M/year
• 10 years 520M
• 500M for Wind 625 MW (look for off-shore
  potential)
• At 35 capacity factor 219 MW aver.
• Multiple sites to reduce intermittency
• 100M for solar 30 MW (6 MW aver.)

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Wind Resources in the Area
"We estimate that the offshore wind resource is
extensive as well as energetic, with a
development potential in Wisconsin Waters south
of Manitowoc County in excess of 10,000 MW."
(Final Report to Wisconsin Focus on Energy on
Lake Michigan Offshore Wind Resource Assessment,
July 30, 2004) Illinois The wind potential from
these windy lands is about 3000 MW of installed
wind generation capacity. The class 4 areas
represent about 0.4 of Illinois' land and are
largely rural agricultural areas. Minn Wind
Energy Potential (MW) 75,000, Annual kWh 657
Billion Wisc 6,440 MW, Annual kWh 56
Billion ND 138,400 MW, Annual kWh 1,210 Billion
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On-Site Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen Underground Storage Tanks and Fueling
Station
03714824
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The Path Forward(J. Turner)

• Push Renewable (Wind) electrons against coal no
  sequestration.
• Solar Cells required on every new home.
• Improve conservation and energy efficiency
  everywhere.
• Develop fuel cells for transportation (hydrogen
  from natural gas).
• Implement electrolysis as electricity from coal
  diminishes and sustainable energy increases.

Talk about it!!
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Project Team
Insert a digital photo or photos showing all of
the team members