Informationssystem och databasteknik, 2I-1100

1
Informationssystem och databasteknik, 2I-1100

• Processer
• System
• Modeller

2
Definition of Business Process
A set of activities that takes one or more types
of inputs and turns them into an output of
greater value to the customer. Hammer
input
output
input
3
Definition of Business Process
A specific ordering of work activities across
time and place, with a beginning, an end, and
clearly-defined inputs and outputs a structure
for action. Davenport
input
output
input
4
An Informal Workflow
Order register
for each order line
Check order line
Stop order
Credit check
not OK
i lager
OK
Add to order
Ship
Credit manager
Order manager
5
An Informal Workflow
Order register
for each order line
Check order line
Stop order
Credit check
not OK
i lager
OK
Add to order
Ship
Credit manager
Order manager
6
Basic Workflow Concepts

• Task - a logical unit of work that is carried
  out as a single whole
• Resource - a person or a machine that can
  perform specific tasks
• Activity - the performance of a task by a a
  resource
• Case - a sequence of activities performed to
  achieve some goal, an order, an insurance
  claim, a car assembly
• Work item - the combination of a case and a task
  that is just to be carried out
• Process - describes how a particular category of
  cases shall be managed
• Control flow construct - sequence, selection,
  iteration, parallelisation

7
Basic Workflow Concepts
Activity
Case
Resource
Work Item
Task
Process
Allocation
Resource Type
8
Application Process
send accept
prepare accept letter
tokens
transition
place
accept
ready1
ready2
check validity
under consideration
applications
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
When a transition fires it removes one token from
each input place and adds one token to each
output place
9
Application Process
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
ready1
ready2
check validity
under consideration
applications
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
When a transition fires it removes one token from
each input place and adds one token to each
output place
10
Application Process
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
ready1
ready2
check validity
under consideration
applications
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
When a transition fires it removes one token from
each input place and adds one token to each
output place
11
Application Process
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
ready1
ready2
check validity
under consideration
applications
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
When a transition fires it removes one token from
each input place and adds one token to each
output place
12
Application Process
send accept
prepare accept letter
tokens
transition
place
accept
ready1
ready2
check validity
under consideration
applications
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
When a transition fires it removes one token from
each input place and adds one token to each
output place
13
Application Process
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
ready1
ready2
check validity
under consideration
applications
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
When a transition fires it removes one token from
each input place and adds one token to each
output place
14
Application Process
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
ready1
ready2
check validity
under consideration
applications
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
When a transition fires it removes one token from
each input place and adds one token to each
output place
15
Application Process
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
ready1
ready2
check validity
under consideration
applications
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
When a transition fires it removes one token from
each input place and adds one token to each
output place
16
Enabled Transition
A transition is enabled when there is a token in
each of its input places
Not enabled
Enabled
17
Dutch Traffic Light
red
yr
rg
yellow
green
gy
18
Dutch Traffic Light
red
yr
rg
yellow
green
gy
19
Dutch Traffic Light
red
yr
rg
yellow
green
gy
20
Dutch Traffic Light
red
yr
rg
yellow
green
gy
21
Two Traffic Lights
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
22
Two Traffic Lights
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
23
Two Traffic Lights
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
24
Two Traffic Lights
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
25
Two Traffic Lights
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
26
Two Traffic Lights
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
27
Two Traffic Lights
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
28
Exercise - Traffic Light
Construct a Petri net for a traffic light that
has four possible states - red - yellow -
green - red yellow The light moves from red to
(red yellow) and then to green. From green it
moves to yellow and then to red.
29
Coloured Petri Nets
send accept
In a classical Petri net, tokens have no
structure. In a coloured Petri net, each token
is associated with a data structure.
prepare accept letter
accept
claims
ready1
amount lt 1000
ready2
amount gt 1000
check validity
under consideration
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
name John Doe, amount 5000
name Mary Doe, amount 400
30
Coloured Petri Nets
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
claims
ready1
amount lt 1000
ready2
amount gt 1000
check validity
under consideration
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
name John Doe, amount 5000
name Mary Doe, amount 400
31
Coloured Petri Nets
send accept
In a coloured Petri net, the values of a tokens
data structure can be used in preconditions that
determine which transition that will fire.
prepare accept letter
accept
claims
ready1
amount lt 1000
ready2
amount gt 1000
check validity
under consideration
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
name John Doe, amount 5000
name Mary Doe, amount 400
32
Coloured Petri Nets
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
claims
ready1
amount lt 1000
ready2
amount gt 1000
check validity
under consideration
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
name John Doe, amount 5000
name Mary Doe, amount 400
33
Coloured Petri Nets
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
claims
ready1
amount lt 1000
ready2
amount gt 1000
check validity
under consideration
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
name John Doe, amount 5000
name Mary Doe, amount 400
34
Coloured Petri Nets
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
claims
ready1
amount lt 1000
ready2
amount gt 1000
check validity
under consideration
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
name John Doe, amount 5000
name Mary Doe, amount 400
35
Coloured Petri Nets
send accept
prepare accept letter
accept
claims
ready1
amount lt 1000
ready2
amount gt 1000
check validity
under consideration
reject
send reject
prepare reject letter
name John Doe, amount 5000
name Mary Doe, amount 400
36
Petri Net with Time
15
20
Every token gets a timestamp, indicating the time
from which the token is available. A transition
is enabled when each token to be consumed has a
timestamp equal or prior to the current
time. Each transition gives a delay to a
token produced by the transition.
10
37
Petri Net with Time
15
20
10
10
30
Before current time 20, the transition is not
enabled and cannot fire. At current time 20, it
will fire. The timestamp of the produced
token equals the current time the transition
delay.
38
Two Traffic Lights with Time
0
0
30
30
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
0
0
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
25
25
0
5
5
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
Current time 0
39
Two Traffic Lights with Time
0
30
30
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
0
0
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
25
25
5
5
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
25
Current time 1
40
Two Traffic Lights with Time
0
30
30
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
0
0
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
25
25
30
5
5
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
Current time 26
41
Two Traffic Lights with Time
0
30
30
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
60
0
0
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
25
25
30
5
5
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
Current time 31
42
Two Traffic Lights with Time
30
30
red1
yr1
red2
yr2
60
0
0
yellow1
yellow2
rg1
rg2
25
25
5
5
green2
green1
gy1
gy2
56
Current time 32
43
Swimming School Exercise
A student registers at the swimming school. The
student will take one or more swimming lessons
followed by an examination. Every lesson has a
beginning and an end. A student must have his or
her individual teacher during a lesson. There are
five teachers. Each swimming lesson is followed
by another swimming lesson or an individual
examination. An examiner is present at the
examination, from beginning to end. There are two
examiners. When a student has completed an
examination, three things might happen 1. The
student passes and leaves the school 2. The
student fails, takes additional lessons, and
tries again 3. The student fails and gives up a)
Model this using a classical Petri net b) Use a
coloured Petri net to express that it is required
to take 10 lessons before taking the exam and
that students drop out after three failed
exams c) Add time to model that a lesson takes
one hour and an exam 30 min.
44
Basic Workflow Concepts

• Task - a logical unit of work that is carried
  out as a single whole
• Resource - a person or a machine that can
  perform specific tasks
• Activity - the performance of a task by a a
  resource
• Case - a sequence of activities performed to
  achieve some goal, an order, an insurance
  claim, a car assembly
• Work item - the combination of a case and a task
  that is just to be carried out
• Process - describes how a particular category of
  cases shall be managed
• Control flow construct - sequence, selection,
  iteration, parallelisation

45
Workflow Concepts in Petri Nets

• Task - transition
• Resource - token
• Activity - transition that fires
• Case - token
• Work item - enabled transition
• Process - Petri net
• Control flow construct - modelled by places and
  transitions

46
Triggers
When do transitions fire? Sometimes, someone or
something has to fire them. A work item can
only be transformed into an activity once it has
been triggered.
Kinds of triggers
A resource initiative
An external event
A time signal
47
Triggers
customer answer
manage
receive order
ask for customer info
cancel
no answer
48
A Historical Perspective
49
Klassifikation av informationssystem

• BeslutstypVilka typer av beslut som systemet
  stödjer
• Strategiska
• Taktiska
• Operationella

• FunktionerVilken funktion i organisationen som
  systemet stöder
• Marknadsföring
• Tillverkning och tjänster
• Ekonomi
• Personal

50
Typer av beslutsstödssystem
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Alla dessa system stödjer besluts- fattande
Management Information Systems (MIS)
INFORMATIONS- BEHOV
Intelligent SupportSystems (ISS)
51
TPS - system som hanterar och lagrar
transaktioner

• Transaktion ett utbyte mellan två parter
• Uttag från bankkonto
• Förfrågan om pris på en produkt
• Beställning av en vara

Hur ett TPS hanterar en transaktion
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 2
Mata in data
Validera data
Bearbeta data
Lagra data
52
MIS - system som bevakar den interna verksamheten

• Sammanfattningsrapport - aggregerar data från
  många transaktioner och presenterar dem i ett
  koncist format
• Månatlig försäljning
• Årlig personalomsättning
• Avvikelserapport - beskriver avvikelser mellan
  prognos och faktiskt utfall
• Budgetöverskridande
• Försäljningsminskning

53
ISS - Intelligenta StödSystem

• ISS - system som stödjer ledningen på högre
  nivåer att fatta beslut om ostrukturerade problem
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Executive Information Systems (EIS)

54
DSS - modell för beslutsstöd
Intern data

• What-if analys
• Måluppfyllelse
• Riskbedömning

Beslutsmodeller
Extern data
55
EIS - Executive InformationSystems

• EIS - system som kan användas för att interaktivt
  analysera och presentera stora mängder
  information
• Drill-down
• Grafisk presentation

56
Samband mellan TPS, MISoch ISS
Omvärlds- bevakning
ISS ger stöd för komplexa beslut
Strategisk
MIS genererar rap- porter om företaget
Taktisk
TPS hanterar transaktioner
Operationell
57
Organisatoriska funktioner

• En funktion är en enhet inom en organisation som
  utför ett antal relaterade aktiviteter. Vanligen
  kräver dessa aktiviteter en viss kompetens eller
  specifik utrustning.
• Funktioner på ett universitet

Vakt- mästeri
Kurs registrering
Undervisning
System administration
58
IS för marknadsföring

• System som stödjer försäljning,
  marknadsföringskampanjer, marknadsanalys, m.m.
• CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
• System för försäljningsanalys

59
IS för tillverkning och tjänster

• System som stöder inköp, kvalitetskontroll,
  lagerhantering, produktionsplanering, m.m.
• Logistiksystem
• Materialförsörjningssystem

60
IS för ekonomi

• System som tillhandahåller finansiell information
  som underlag för beslut
• Intern och extern redovisning
• Ordermottagning
• Fakturering

61
IS för personaladministration

• System som stöder planering, samordning,
  administration och ledning av personal
• Lönesystem
• Kompetensdatabas

62
Processer
En process är en sekvens av aktiviteter som
resulterar i ett värde för en kund. Ofta behöver
resurser från olika funktioner användas för att
genomföra en process.
63
Processer korsar funktioner
Kurs
Vakt- mästeri
Kurs registrering
Undervisning
System administration
64
Funktioner och IS
Informations-system
Funktioner
FoU
Marknad
Produktion
Tjänster
Ekonomi
Personal
Varje informationssystem stöder sin egen funktion
65
Integrerade informationssystem
Ekonomi