Middle and South America

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Middle and South America
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Physical Features

• Peninsula and Archipelagos
• Andes Mountains
• Atacama Desert
• Amazon River and Basin
• Patagonia
• Pampas
• Brazilian Highlands
• Guiana Highlands

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Climate

• Temperature-Altitude Zones
• Tierra Caliente (hot lands)
• Tierra Templada (temperate lands)
• Tierra Fria (cold lands)
• Tierra Helada (frozen lands)

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History

• Latin America is heavily influenced by its
  history and also by its native people

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History

• Middle America
• Mayans
• Lowland tropical Plains of Belize, Guatemala, and
  Mexico
• Conquered by the Aztec
• Aztecs
• Highlands of the Central Mexican Plateau (Capital
  Tenochtitlán, (Mexico City)
• Incas
• Andes foothills and altiplanos
• Capital was Cuzco

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Spanish Conquest - God, Glory, Gold

• Cortez
• 1519 hundreds of soldiers, 16 horses, few pigs
• Quetzcoatl
• Many native groups allied with Cortez
• Smallpox and other diseases

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Spanish Conquest

• Pizarro
• Conquered the Incan Empire in 1533
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Dispute between Spain and Portugal
• Divided the New World
• Portuguese Colonization
• 1500 - Pedro Alvares Cabrals

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Legacies of Colonization

• Religion
• Land Alienation
• Slavery
• Hacienda and Plantation Systems
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• Cultural Diversity
• Underdevelopment

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Middle and South America Today

• Population
• About 1/2 billion people
• Doubling time - 38 years
• Why?
• Agricultural Communities
• High Infant Mortality
• Catholic Church discourages family planning
• Machismo and Marianismo

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Middle and South America Today

• Largest Cities
• Mexico City (about 28 million people)
• São Paulo
• Rio de Janeiro
• Primate Cities
• Migration
• Most important social force in the world today!

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Middle and South America Today

• Push Factors
• Pull Factors
• Shanty Towns (squatter settlements)

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Which of the following describes the principal
migration trend in Middle and South America.

• North-to-south movements
• Island to mainland movements
• Coastal to interior movements
• Rural-to-urban movements

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Middle and South America Today

• Social Structure
• Extended family
• Marianismo
• Machismo
• Catholic Church
• Liberation Theology - redistribution of wealth

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• Race
• Amerindians (Incans, Mayans)
• Europeans
• Mestizos
• Africans
• Mulatto

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• Poverty
• Income disparities
• Children in poverty

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Middle and South America Today

• Evangelical Protestantism
• "Gospel of Success"
• Phases of development
• Early Extractive phase
• Socialist Reformist Phase Debt Crisis
• Current Structural Adjustment Phase

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Middle and South America Today

• 4. Current Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)
  Phase
• Free up money for loan repayment
• Results in higher GNPs
• Also greater income disparities
• Higher poverty levels
• Mercosur
• Regional trade bloc - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
  and Paraguay
• Land Tenure
• National Movement of Landless Rural Workers

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Middle and South America Today

• Informal Economy
• In Peru as many as 68 of urban workers in the
  informal sector
• Democracy in Middle and South America
•      Democracy is different
•      Cuba

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• International Drug Trade
• Threatens Stability
• U.S. war on drugs
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• Deforestation
• 30.4 million acres a year
• Ranching, logging, mining and settlement
  (suburbs).
• Ecotourism

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