E-Science

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E-Science Grid Computing in China

• Dr. Jin-Peng HUAI Beihang University

May 10, 2004
2
Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

3
Opportunity of e-Science
distributed
Provide new opportunity and challenge for
information science technology
4
Evolvement of Internet-oriented Software
Evolvement of Computing Paradigm
Scope
Internet Application
Client/ Network
Network Application
Client/ Server
Word Processing
Mainframe Computing
Mathematic Computing
Internet
Host PC
Intranet
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Evolvement of Internet-oriented Software
Evolvement of Access Methods
Scope
Internet Apps
Web Services
XML/HTTP
Network Apps
Services
MOM
ORB
Homogeneity Apps
Components
Objects
Program
granularity/coupling
compact
loose
coupling
6
Past PresentContributions of Computing
Technologies

• A New Approach to do Research
• High Energy Physics
• Earth Simulation
• An Effective Manner to do Communication
• E-Mail
• FTP
• WWW
• Help the RD Cooperation by providing a
  convenient Intercommunication Manner

7
Todays RD ActivitiesBrings New Requirements

• Collaboration in Wider Area
• Cross the boundary of Domain, Subject,
  Organization
• Share the Resource / Collaborate between Resources

Domain Typical Project Main Characteristic
high-energy physics Long Experimental Period High Volume of Experimental Data Rapidly Aggregation and Sharing of Analysis result Participation of scientists all over the world
Biologic computing Distributed storage of genic data Diverse Data/Metadata Format Dynamic Information
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Current status of RD Resources (1)

• Great Gross of RD Resource
• Global
• Data Resource 7PB/year
• Computing Capacity First 50 Computers in Top500
  (November, 2003) 570TFlops
• In China
• Computing Capacity First 50 Computers in Top100
• 30TFlops
• Hundreds of National Key Labes
• More RD Instruments then whole EU!

9
Current status of RD Resources (2)

• Lack of Effective Usage of RD Resources
• the using efficiency of science instrument of
  China is less than 25, while in some developed
  countries it is more than 150

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Summary

• 2 Basic Understandings for RD Resources
• Need of more sharing and cooperating
  capabilities.
• Great Total Amount with limited utilization.
• So, It is necessary to give a better approach to
• SHARE the resource capacity in Wider Area.
• COLLABORATE among more Resources to solve
  BIGGER problems
• Give scientist a more EASY-TO-USE interface to
  help them using the environment with TRANSPARENCE.

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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

12
How to evaluate the Value of Computing
Technology to science research

• In the past
• Computing capability the only evaluation means
• In a network computing environment
• We need another dimension
• SHARING COLLABORATING Capability!

KFlops
MFlops
GFlops
TFlops
Computing Capability
Internet
VS
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How to evaluate the Value of Computing
Technology to science research

• X Sharing and cooperating capability
• Y Computing capability

Computing capability
TFlops
GFlops
MFlops
Sharing and cooperating capability
intranet
extranet
internet
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How to evaluate the Value of Computing
Technology to science research
Computing capability
Network-based Research Environment (e-Science)
TFlops
GFlops
Internet
MFlops
Sharing and cooperating capability
intranet
extranet
internet
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So

• So , The key of Network-based Science Research
  Environment ( or E-Science) is
• Give an Infrastructure to improve the
• sharing capability
• collaborating problem solving capability
• of RD resources from multi-domains and
  multi-organizations!

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E-Science Related Project
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E-Science Related Project

• Projects
• UK e-Science
• PACI/DTF/EDTF
• Science Grid
• DoD GIG
• EU DataGrid
• Industry
• CORBA,DCOM, J2EE, Web Services
• IBM Business on Demand/Business Grid

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Sharing CollaborativeTwo Threads

• Sharing of
• Information
• Enterprise Computing
• CORBA, COM, EJB.
• Computing Power
• Cluster, Metacomputing
• Computing Grid
• Key points!
• Service-oriented
• or Service-centric
• Middleware

Network Computing
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Sharing CollaborativeEnterprise Computing
Cooperation scale
Service oriented Computing
P2P computing
Inter- organization
Web Services
Distributed object Component technology
Inner- organization
OO technology
Inner- department
Resource sharing scale
local
global
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Sharing CollaborativeEnterprise Computing
Cooperation scale
Inter organization
Inner organization
Inner department
Resource sharing scale
local
global
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Sharing CollaborativeGrid Computing
Cooperation scale
Cross subject
Service-oriented Grid Computing (OGSA)
Internet computing
subject
Meta-computing or Computational Grid
Special problem
Resource sharing scale
local
global
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Sharing CollaborativeGrid Computing
Cooperation scale
Cross subject
Single subject
Special problem
Resource sharing scale
local
areal
global
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Putting them altogether
Cooperation scale
Cross subject
Single subject
Special problem
Resource sharing scale
local
global
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Conclusion

• 2 Threads are now merging
• Enterprise Computing
• Grid Computing
• 2 Key Technology for Resource sharing and
  collaborating
• Service centered is an important technical trend
  to construct large scale distributed system
• Middleware is an important approach to bring
  interoperation and integration to RD resources

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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

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Grid/E-Science Projects in China

• NSFC
• Network-based Science Research Environment (NSFC
  e-Science Key Project)
• Ministry of Science and Technology
• National High-tech Project (863)
• High Performance Computers and its Kernel
  Software
• Chinas Network-based Software Platform
• Ministry of Education
• ChinaGrid An Education Application Grid
• Chinese Academy of Science
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)

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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

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Essence of the Project
Application demands Set D (Demand)
Dynamic Mapping between Set D R To achieve MAX
VALUE of the whole system Max (Wd ? benefit (D)
Wr ? usage (R) )
MD? R
Forecasting Optimizing
Resources Set R (Resource)
T
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Essence of the Project
Application demands Set D (Demand)
Treating Resources as services Masking
the heterogenous resources Services Composition
Cooperative work of resources Service-Oriented
Architecture loose coupling,
dynamic composition Middleware
Simplify the development, deployment and
management of system
Dynamic Mapping between Set D R To achieve MAX
VALUE of the whole system Max (Wd ? benefit (D)
Wr ? usage (R) )
MD? R
Forecasting Optimizing
Resources Set R (Resource)
T
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Testing Environment of NSFC E-Science Project

• Testing Environment
• Testing bed
• Network Physical Resources
• Testing Software Infrastructure
• Middleware
• Common Services
• Testing Applications

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Testing Environment Software Infrastructure

• The basic idea of software platform
• Resources encapsulation
• Service share
• Cooperative work
• Dynamic binding between application and resources
• Service Composition describe the complex job.

high-energy physics
Biology computing
Atmosphere inspection

The integrated testing-bed platform For science
activity environment
Computing resources
Storage resources
Instrument and equipment
Software resources

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Testing Environment Software Infrastructure
User Supporting Layer
Security and system Mngt.
Dev. Methods Tools
Application Support Layer
Resource Service Layer
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Software Infrastructure3 Objectives

• Collaborate-able
• Dynamic Relations between Resources
• Multi-granularity Collaboration (Data, Service,
  Process)
• Manageable
• Uniform Resource Abstraction
• Management Architecture
• Self-Orgnization, Self-Configration,
  Self-Optimization
• Trust-able
• Trust Management Policy based Access Control
• Reliability Fault-Detection, Fault-Tolerance,
  QoS Mngt.

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Software Infrastructure9 Key Technologies
high-energy physics
Biology computing
Atmosphere inspection

support
Domain Apps Development Methods Technologies
Platform Architecture
User Supporting Tech. (GUI, Portal, Programming
model)
Management
Security
Res. Integrating Mngt. (MDS.)
Service Composition Collaboration
guide
assistant
Common Services (for Resource Sharing)
Resources Encapsulation Service Runtime
Management
compatible
Computing resources
Storage resources
Instrument and equipment
Software resources

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Software InfrastructureArchitecture
Security and system management
Development Methods and Tools
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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

37
National High-Tech Project (863)

• High Performance Computers and its Kernel
  Software System. (CNGrid)
• Technical Objectives
• Testing-bed Next Generation National Information
  Infrastructure
• Industry-Level Apps e-Science, Environment,
  Manufactures
• RD of Grid-enabled High Performance Computers
• Technical Breakthroughs in Grid Research
  Architecture, Middleware, Application, Security
  Management.

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Research

• Develop a Grid-aware HPC with more than 4TFlops
• Construct a China National Grid With 5-7TFlops
  Computing Capabilities.
• Develop a Grid Middleware with Own IP Rights
• Construct Several Killer Applications in
  Science Research, Economy Construction, Society
  Development and National Defense.
• Develop Several National Standards on Grid
  Technology

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China National Grid An Overview
Research
Environment
Manufacturing
Service
Appl. Grids
Development Environment
User Environment
Grid Software
Grid System Software
HPC
Database
Data
Apps
Grid Resources
Internet
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Grid Nodes across China
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High-Performance Computer Research Development

• Develop two gt4TFlops HPCs
• Lenovo
• Intel 64-bits Itanium 2 processor
• Peak Speed 5.324 Tflops
• Dawning
• Adopt AMD 64-bits processor (Opteron)
• Expected peak value capability10 Tflops

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Lenovo DeepComp 6800

• Finish in Nov, 2003
• Performance
• Floating Spped 5.324Tflops
• Linpack Benchmark Floating Performance4.183TFLOPS
  
• Rank 14 in Top500 (Nov,2003)
• Total Performance Rate 4.183/5.324 78.5
• Jan 2004 Installed in China National Grid
• North Primary Node
• Computer Network Information Center of Chinese
  Academy of Sciences (CNIC/CAS)

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Grid Software

• Feb 2004 Final Release Version
• Mar 2004 Deploy to CNGrid Nodes
• Grid System Software
• Heterogeneous resources oriented
• Communication
• Basic Resource Mngt, User Mngt Job Scheduler
• Network File System
• Application Development Environment
• Debugging Environment
• Performance Tunings Tools
• Grid Usage Environment
• Grid Community (Web Portal)
• GSML Grid Service Markup Language (similar with
  HTML)

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Grid Software Layered Architecture
compute
data
software
others
Application Layer
security service
Job service
User management
Data service
Grid monitor
Grid management
User environment
Grid software
System Layer
Information service
Grid resorces(machines,programs,equipments,file
systems,databases) Wrapped into WS or GS
Resource Layer
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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

46
China Science Data Grid

• Lead By
• Computer Network Information Center (CNIC), CAS
• Integrating Science Data from more than 40
  institutes across China
• Geographical Distributed
• Heterogenous Metadata Format
• Heterogenous Database / Data Format
• Applications
• China Virtual Observatory (CVO)

47
Science Data Grid Middleware Architecture
Application
Applications
SecuritySystem
Info. Service
Grid API
Applications oriented Unified Program Interface
Data Res. Broker
Multiple Data Resources Cooperate Access
Uniform Access Int.
Uniform Access Interface of Single Data
Resource
Local Data Mngt System various of RDBs, File
Systems
Local Data System
databases
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Science Data Grid Middleware Software Modules
Structure
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Science Data Grid Data Services Architecture
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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

51
China Grid Forum - CGF

• Found in October 23, 2002
• Target
• Promote Grid RD Capabilities
• Exchange Experience
• Establish Technical Standards
• Build a Bridge between academe and industry

52
China Grid Forum-CGF

• The 1st CGF was hold in September 12th, 2003
• Organization structure
• Consultant council
• executive council
• Working group
• Grid architecture
• Data grid
• Information gird
• Application grid

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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

54
Beihang UniversityBeijing University of Aero.
Astro. (BUAA). Since 1952

• Founded in 1952, with Merger of the Aeronautical
  Departments of 8 Famous Universities, including
  Tsinghua University and Beiyang University.

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Beihang UniversityBeijing University of Aero.
Astro. (BUAA). Since 1952

• 1952 BIA Beijing Institute of Aeronautics
• 1988 BUAA Beijing University of Aeronautics
  Astronautics
• 2002 BUAA Beihang University

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Beihang UniversityBeijing University of Aero.
Astro. (BUAA). Since 1952

• Now BUAA has evolved into a Multi-disciplined
  Research-oriented University of Science
  Engineering with an emphasis on Aviation and
  Space Travel.
• It is one of the important bases for educating
  and training High-Quality personnel and
  conducting scientific research in China.

57
Beihang UniversityBeijing University of Aero.
Astro. (BUAA). Since 1952

• . BUAA is situated in Zhongguancun Science Park,
  next to Chinas National Olympic Center
• . With an area of 120 hectares, and a new campus
  in the suburbs of city with an area of 100
  hectares is under construction.

58
Beihang UniversityBeijing University of Aero.
Astro. (BUAA). Since 1952

• BUAA is listed in the top 12 key Universities and
  receives development funds from the Central
  Government of China.
• The BUAA library has a total area around 24,000
  square meters and a seating capacity of 2,100 in
  13 reading-rooms, and a collection of 1,200,000
  books, journals and electronic publications.

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Beihang UniversityBeijing University of Aero.
Astro. (BUAA). Since 1952

• BUAAs Sports Facilities include a modern
  gymnasium capable of holding international
  competitions, a sports ground with sophisticated
  facilities, a swimming pool, and in-door tennis
  courts.

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National University Science Park
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Beihang UniversityBeijing University of Aero.
Astro. (BUAA). Since 1952

• Faculties and Students
• 3100 Faculty and Staff Members
• 360 Professors
• 690 Associate professors
• 14 Academicians of Chinese Academy
• Over 26,000 students, including 8000 are
• Graduate students and post-doctoral researchers

65
Beihang UniversityBeijing University of Aero.
Astro. (BUAA). Since 1952

• Education Systems
• 14 schools
• 5 departments
• 6 educational organizations
• 45 undergraduate programs
• 72 master's programs
• 44 doctoral programs
• 12 post-doctoral stations

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Many staff members studied in the UK.

• Edinburgh University Prof. LI Wei, President of
  BUAA, Academician of CAS
• UMIST Prof. TANG Xiaoqing, Vice-President of
  BUAA Prof. CHEN Zongji, Deputy Director of the
  Academic Committee Prof. ZHANG Qi, Deputy
  Director of the Graduate School
• Glasgow University Prof. TAO Zhi, Dean of the
  School of Jet Propulsion
• Prof. YAN Ying, Director of International
  Division of BUAA, gained her PhD from Ulster
  University
• etc.

67
Recent cooperation with UK
BUAA UK Universities Cooperation Contents Starting Date
School of Material Science and Engineering QMUL Master Education Sept. 2001
School of Science Brunel University Theory and Computation on Non-linear Engine System Apr. 2002
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Kings College London Application of Organization Theory in Astronautics Apr. 2003
Bioengineering Department QMUL Master Education Sept. 2003
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Cranfield University Master Education Sept. 2003
School of Material Science and Engineering University of Manchester Research on Invalidation Mode of Heat Barrier Coating Jan. 2004
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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

69
Related Works in BUAA

• In charge of 863 Grid Project (CNGrid)
• Taking the Lead in the NSFC e-Science Project
• Upstanding Cooperation relationship with
  Enterprises (Intel, IBM, Nokia)
• Excellent RD Group in China

70
Related Works in BUAA

• Network Computing and Software
• WebSASE Web Service based Application Supporting
  Environment
• Grid middleware Web Service based Grid System
  WebSASE4G
• Domain-Oriented Software Production Platform -
  SoftproLine
• Network Security

71
Web service and Grid computing

• Web service
• a novel middleware in application data and
  function sharing on Internet.
• a business application pattern on Internet
• provides description,index ,query, accessing,
  communication and interaction criterion through
  International standard open protocols (i.e.
  UDDI?WSDL?SOAP and so on)
• widely adopted/supported by enterprises.

72
Web service and Grid computing

• Grid Computing and Web Service orient similar
  application requirements and scenes
• Grid computing pays attention to specific
  application pattern(VO, On-Demand),while web
  services emphases normalized software
  realization(W3C standard)
• Web service provides a simple, effective and
  standard realization pattern for constructing
  Grid computing infrastructures on Internet
• Integration of Web service and Grid computing has
  been represented in numerous Grid Computing
  research and development Projects in and aboard
  such as GT3

73
WebSASE An Overview

• Web Services-based Application Supporting
  Environment Web service-oriented middleware and
  software running supporting environment which
  unifies application deployment, running, monitor
  and management.
• Supporting simple Web service and complicated Web
  service applications

74
WebSASE An Overview

• Web service complicated application Pattern
• use MVC pattern for reference to construct
  application
• Deal with business logic by Web service recursion
  nesting
• Provides means to concentrated exhibition and
  customization the users view

75
WebSASE Architecture
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WebSASE Components Using Scenario
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WebSASE4G An Overview

• What is WebSASE4G?
• A web service-oriented Grid application
  supporting Environment (WebSASE for Grid)
• WebSASE4Gs characters
• Web service technology abstract based and
  realized grid services including resource
  services, common services and domain services.
• Realized unified grid services publication,
  running and management ,providing open grid
  service running environment
• Constructing grid service basic architecture
  which supporting resource services, common
  services and domain services running

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WebSASE4G Technical Architecture

Image process
Grid application
biology information
remote education
Mass data
Hydrodynamics
5 Grid service Security control mechanism
Grid service Common Supporting platform
4 Distributed Management And Monitor Mechanism

7 Grid service exhibition and unified
accessing mechanism
2 Metadata And Distributed Information Service
architecture
3 Grid job schedule and
coordination mechanism

6 service data storage and Effective
trans- Mission mechanism
1 Grid service representing? mutual operation
mechanism And grid service container
Grid Resource
Heterogeneous resource
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WebSASE4G Components Architecture

Image process
Grid application
biology information
remote education
Mass data
hydrodynamics
Grid Service Portal End-user oriented interaction
Java-based SOG-API
5 Grid service Security control mechanism
4 Distributed Management and Monitor
mechanism
Grid service Common Supporting platform
7 Grid service exhibition and unified
accessing mechanism
GS Designer auxiliary toolkit
Grid Service Workflow Engine Service-oriented job
description, schedule and running
GISA providing Unified Services view
CA SOAP Secure communication
AMC Plugins
2 Metadata And Distributed Information Service
architecture
3 Grid job schedule and
coordination mechanism

6 service data storage and Effective
trans- Mission mechanism
1 Grid service representing? mutual operation
mechanism And grid service container
Grid Service Server Resource integration and
service control
Grid Resource
Heterogeneous resource
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WebSASE4G is a service-oriented, OGSA-based
computing Environment which provides necessary
running platform and auxiliary development
toolkits.
WebSASE4G resource (service) and service
instances status monitor
Web-based job schedule and implement monitor
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WebSASE4G kernel system
WebSASE4G is a service-oriented, OGSA-based Grid
supporting Platform which provides necessary
running platform and auxiliary development
toolkits developed by BUAA.
UDDI server
BHU WSDesigner Simplifies grid Services
development
Visual composed service Modeling toolkit
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Grid application Aero Astro Digital Museum
Human-machine interaction Mechanism
airplane exhibit hall
Museum entrance
Realization technology
83
Grid application Virtual Olympics Museum
virtual five-birds Play
Museum content
????
Virtual five-birds Play
Realization technology
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Domain-oriented Software Production Line

• Application practice indicates that 70 percent of
  the errors in grand software system development
  are made in the process of requirement and design
• Requirement project describing the problem and
  restriction-what is it?
• Software architectureproviding the blue print to
  problem solving -abstract description to
  structure, function behavior, cooperation and
  mutual operation among data and function process
  components-How ?
• ProblemHow to make graceful transition and
  coherent evolution from requirement modeling to
  architecture ?

85
SoftproLine

• Software stipulations model GOP which unified
  description to software principal part, objective
  and operation . Based on multi-classes logic and
  natural homostasis mapping GOP establishs
  graceful mapping between formalized stipulations
  and software design
• Bringing forward rule-based description language
  RDL and ontological language and model to????
• presenting soft-bus based multi-engine
  coordination architecture which supporting
  natural matching from software architecture to
  component and developing a domain-oriented
  software production platformSoftProLine applied
  in many domain to realize zero programming

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SoftproLine
Operation application target
Cooperation info bus
Component adapter
Distributed component service
Operation service engine 1
Operation service engine 2
Operation service engine 3
Operation service engine 4
Operation service engine n
Schedule engine
Knowledge repository
Application service supporting platform
Information storage supporting platform
Common service Platform
87
Network Security

• Design and analysis for network security
  protocols
• Access Control of distributed systems
• Secure group communication

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Network Security Backgrounds on Security
Protocols
Vulnerability of security protocol
The attack cost is lower, but the consequence is
serious.
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Network Security Main Problems on Security
Protocols

• Two fundamental problems
• 1.Theoretic model
• How to model the run environment and security
  properties for security protocols?
• 2.High computational complexity
• A large number of participants.
• Infinite message operations and exchanges
• Concurrence and interleaving runs of protocols

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Network Security Results of security protocols
A novel cryptographic protocol algebra model is
Proposed

• A new algebra theory is built for describing the
  run and security of protocols.
• Attack acts and security properties of protocols
  are characterized with algebraic and logic
  techniques.

We built the rigorous mathematical basis and
developed a new approach to the formal analysis
of security protocols
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Network Security System for security protocols
An efficient automatic analysis system (SPA) is
developed
The efficiency of ACT-SPA
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IntegrationOur Aims...
?Perfect Running EnvironmentEffective Software
Development
Security and User Management
Software producing plat for domain (Softproline)
Tools for registry and deploy
Software resource
Web service Grid service running supporting
plat
System platform
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Agenda

• Motivations
• Technical Analysis
• E-Science Grid Computing in China
• NSFC Network-based Research Environment
• National High-Tech Project (863)
• China Science Data Grid (SDG)
• China Grid Forum
• Related Works in Beihang University
• Beihang University A Brief Introduction
• E-Science Related Works in Beihang University
• Possible Cooperation

94
What to do next?

• joint RD group in common interesting domain
  through some exchange program
• joint hold related Int. Con.
• establish Sino-UK joint e-Science working Group,
  testing-bed or apps.
• Other Cooperation between the University and BUAA

95
Question?

• Thanks!