Photo History Journal

1
Photo History Journal

• A Century in Photographs

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Jessie DietzPhoto I Period 3
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1900-1909

• Key
• Photographic history
• General History
• Family History
• My Work

4
Brownian Camera - 1900

• Before the introduction of the Brownie Camera in
  1900, photography had been a professional sort of
  hobby. The brownie camera was the first camera
  that everyone could buy. Kodak produced it in
  1900. After the brownie camera was introduced
  photography was available to the general public.
  Also, because of the introduction of this camera
  that could be used by the public some of the
  chemical processes necessary for developing
  pictures could be forgotten. This meant that the
  artistic aspect of photography was brought into
  focus.

• http//www.smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescri
  ption.cfm?ID250

5
Jacob Riis - What the Boys Learn on Their Street
Playground c. 1902

• Jacob Riis took this photograph in 1902. Riis
  was Americas first photojournalist, and was
  famous for his work with the urban poor. He was
  among the first photographers in America to use
  their photos as a political statement. Riis was a
  self-taught photographer who took pictures not
  for the purpose of art but simply to show the
  America the horrors of sweatshops, child labor,
  and overcrowding in the cities.

http//www.masters-of-photography.com/R/riis/riis_
street_playground.html
6
Wright Brothers First Airplane Flight 1903

• The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, started
  off building gliders that flew simply with the
  power of wind in 1900, and then moved onto to
  airplanes with engines in 1903. After building
  their first gliders they moved to Kitty Hawk, a
  remote desert with constant winds in North
  Carolina. In 1903 they began to build the first
  propeller-engine to attach to the glider. On
  December 17, 1903, Orville Wright flew the first
  successful engine-powered airplane for 12 seconds
  and covered 120 feet. This invention marked the
  beginning of an entirely new era of warfare,
  transportation, and fulfilled one of mankinds
  longest lasting dreams to fly.

http//www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/wright/airplane www
.libraries.wright.edu/ special/
7
Military Leaders from the Russo-Japanese War1904

• In 1904 the Russo-Japanese war began. The war
  began because of territorial conflicts between
  the two countries. Russia believed that it would
  achieve a quick victory because of it massive
  army and pure force. Japan, however, won the war
  with a few surprising victories. Russias
  humiliating loss exposed the corruption within
  the Russian government. This lead to the
  beginning of a series of revolts in Russia
  against the czar and government. These revolts
  marked the beginning of a century-long struggle
  within Russia to achieve political independence,
  eventually creating the communist government
  within Russia that fought against the U.S. in the
  Cold War.

http//infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0842745.html h
ttp//www.mannerheim.fi/05_s_ura/e_venjap.htm
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1910-1919
9
Lewis HinePoor Home, New York City Tenement -
1910

• Lewis Hine used his photographs of industrial
  workers to gain reforms and improvements of
  workers rights. Although he wasnt the first one
  to use his photographs as a social device, his
  may have been some of the most effective. His
  pictures of child labor, especially, were able to
  generate new laws against child labor. He worked
  as a free-lance photographer in the National
  Child Labor Committee, using his photos to
  generate legislative action against child labor.

http//www.masters-of-photography.com/H/hine/hine_
articles1.html http//www.masters-of-photography.c
om/H/hine/hine_tenement.html
10
Sinking of the Titanic1912

• On March 11, 1911 the Titanic set sail from
  Southampton, England to New York. The Titanic had
  been called the unsinkable ship and therefore
  was very under stocked of lifeboats. On April 14,
  1912 at 1140 at night it struck an iceberg,
  causing a huge rip in the side of the ship and
  allowing water to pour in. Because there were so
  few lifeboats, 1,523 people died. This tragedy
  showed the world that safety measures were
  necessary even on the most unsinkable ships and
  has inspired many films and movies.

http//www.geocities.com/Broadway/Balcony/8682/tit
anichistory.html
11
Alvin Langdon CoburnEzra Pound - 1917

• Alvin Coburn was one of the earliest abstract
  photographers. He took abstract photographs of
  both natural scenes and portraits. He created
  one-dimensional views of skyscrapers that
  provided an abstract view new to the art of
  photography. In 1917 he began using the technique
  that produced photographs called Vortographs.
  These were created by using a kaleidoscope like
  mirror attachment on the lens of the camera.
  These photographs, like the one pictured above,
  were the first purely abstract photographs ever
  created. He mainly created Vortographs using
  portraits. Alvin Coburns breakthroughs in
  abstract photography helped to pave the way for
  future abstract photographers and to open up an
  entirely new side of photography.

http//www.masters-of-photography.com/C/coburn/cob
urn.html http//www.masters-ofphotography.com/C/co
burn/coburn_articles1.html
12
US 1st Army Post Band Troop for WWISouilly
France, 1918

• World War I took place from 1914-1918. It began
  as a conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia
  on July 28, 1914. It became a war between almost
  all of Europe when Germany declared war against
  Russia on August 1, 1914. It eventually escalated
  into a war involving the whole war with almost
  thirty-two nations fighting. These countries
  included Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and
  the U.S (the allied powers) who opposed Germany,
  Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria (the central
  powers). The war ended on November 11, 1918 with
  the signing of the Armistice between the central
  and allied powers.

http//www.frontiernet.net/pendino/WW-One.htm
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1920-1929
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The First meeting of the League of Nations1920

• The League of Nations was formed as a result of
  the Versailles Treaty at the end of WWI. The
  purpose of the League of Nations was to promote
  world peace and the communication between
  different nations. Originally President Woodrow
  Wilsons idea, the League of Nations came to
  include almost 15 nations, fewer than the United
  Nations but also an important stepping stone for
  later international organizations. Although the
  U.S. was not a member of the League of Nations,
  it did help to convince the U.S. to join later
  organizations such as the UN. The League of
  Nations formed the basis for the United Nations,
  which the U.S. participates in today. The
  formation of the League of Nations marked the
  first worldwide organization formed between many
  different nations.

http//www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0829149.htm
l
15
Naval Disaster at Point Honda1923

• On September 8, 1923, the Navys greatest
  navigational disaster took place at an isolated
  place along the California coastline known as
  Point Honda. Point Honda, located near the Santa
  Barbara Channel, was exposed to wind and waves
  and often obscured by fog making it a very
  dangerous place for ships. At 9 PM on September
  8, seven new U.S. Navy destroyers crashed onto
  the rocks at Point Honda, killing 23 people. The
  ships were misinformed and told to turn to the
  east into the channel when they still had some
  distance to go before reaching the channel. This
  accident exposed the inaccurateness of the Navys
  navigational system at the time. It led to many
  new adaptations of the navigational system in the
  Navy.

http//meteora.ucsd.edu/cases/ point_honda.html ht
tp//www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1920s/e
v-1923/hondapt.htm
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First 35 mm Camera Invented1924

• In 1924, Oskar Barnack developed the worlds
  first 35 mm camera. This camera was called the
  Leica I, and was first shown to the public in the
  spring of 1924 at the fair in Leipzig, Germany.
  This camera is now the most commonly used camera
  among photographers. The invention of this camera
  opened up an entirely new side of photography,
  both for professional photographers and amateur
  photographers alike.

http//www.digicamhistory.com/1920s.html
17
Ansel AdamsMonolith, The Face of Half Dome - c.
1927

• This picture is one of the more famous
  photographs taken by Ansel Adams. He took
  pictures of the western landscape that captured
  the beauty of America. In 1932 he developed zone
  exposure to get the most tonal range from black
  and white film. His pictures helped to create a
  new vision of Americas natural beauty. His
  photographs of Americas national parks helped to
  make people aware of them. He influenced the
  rebuilding of the system for taking care of the
  parks

http//www.masters-of-photography.com/A/adams/adam
s_monolith.html http//www.masters-of-photograph
y.com/A/adams/adams_articles1.html
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1930-1939
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Margaret Bourke-WhiteTractor Factory,
Stalingrad 1930

• This photograph represents Margaret
  Bourke-Whites focus on politics and using her
  pictures to spread social awareness. This picture
  shows two young boys being trained by the Nazis.
  She took photographs in the Soviet Union when it
  was attacked by Germany in 1941. All throughout
  WWII Margaret acted as a war correspondent, using
  her pictures to show the happenings in other
  countries. She made a large impact on
  photographic history by using her photos to show
  social inequality and racism throughout the
  world.

http//www.masters-of-photography.com/B/bourke-whi
te/b-w_nazi_full.html- photo http//www.spartacus.
schoolnet.co.uk/USAPbourke.htm - info
20
The Great Depression1932

• This photograph pictures unemployed men waiting
  in line for a soup kitchen, which was a common
  sight during the Great Depression. The Great
  Depression was a time of economic crisis for the
  United States, beginning with the stock market
  crash in 1929. It was the longest and most
  damaging economic depression that the U.S. had
  ever experienced. During the worst period of the
  depression (1932-33) there were over 16 million
  unemployed workers. The cause of the depression
  can be traced back to the unequal distribution of
  wealth and the economic tariffs imposed upon
  other countries in the years previous to the
  stock market crash. The Great Depression had an
  enormous effect not only on the U.S, but also
  other nations because of their dependence on the
  United States as a trading partner. President
  Roosevelts economic and agricultural policies
  were then able to restore the American economy
  and morale.

http//www.encyclopedia.com/html/g/greatd1ep.asp h
ttp//www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/depression/prob
lems.html
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Kodachrome film 1935

• In 1935 Kodak introduced Kodachrome film. This
  became the first successful amateur color film
  produced. It was originally produced in 16 mm
  size, but was expanded to 35 mm and 8 mm in 1936.
  In 1935 it was produced in a filmstrip, and in
  1938 a ready-mount service was provided so that
  the pictures were returned on mounted slides.
  This allowed photographs to be taken in color
  allowing photographers to express a new side of
  photography through color.

http//www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/aboutKodak/kodakHi
story/milestones33to79.shtml
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Burning of the Hindenburg1937

• On May 6, 1937 the German airship the Hindenburg
  exploded 25 feet above it the naval airbase at
  Lakehurst, NJ. The huge explosion killed
  thirty-five people aboard the ship and one person
  on the ground. The fire started with only a
  small flame on the tip of the tail fin, and
  spread to the rest of the ship in less than 40
  seconds. Although the cause of the fire is still
  not entirely certain, it is widely though that
  the very flammable hydrogen on the inside and the
  flammable varnish on the outside of the airship
  caused the fire.

http//www.infoplease.com/spot/hindenburg1.html Al
abiso, Vincent. The Associated Press Covers the
World. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York. 1998.
23
1940-1949
24
Lisette Model Coney Island Bather, New York
1940

• Lisette Model was one of the first photographers
  to use models in his photos that didnt have an
  ideal model body. She went against the
  stereotypical photos taken of skinny models and
  instead photographed a big woman on the beach.
  Her photo showed that art can be achieved without
  an ideal body and that emotion can be displayed
  through a big woman as well as through the
  glamour and distinction of skinny models.

Photograph by Lisette Model, printed by Phaidon
Publishers
25
Attack on Pearl Harbor1941

• On December 7, 1941 Japanese planes flew in over
  Oahu, Hawaii and attacked most of the U.S.
  pacific fleet that was moored in Pearl Harbor.
  This happened while negotiations were going on
  between Japan and America. Nineteen navy ships
  were either destroyed or damaged beyond repair,
  188 aircrafts were destroyed, 2,280 military
  officers were killed and 1,109 were wounded. This
  caused United States to declare war on Japan on
  December 8. Many parts of the government tried to
  blame the naval officers in Hawaii for
  negligence, but eventually it was realized that
  there was no actual evidence of this. This attack
  became one of most memorable attacks on the U.S.
  because it was a complete surprise.

http//encyclopedia.com/html/P/PearlH1ar.asp http
//www.worldwar2-pictures.com/NavalAirStation.html
26
Helen LevittNew York- c. 1942

• Helen Levitt was a photographer in the 1940s who
  specialized in photographs of the everyday lives
  of the people of New York. She was awarded a
  Guggenheim Fellowship in 1959 for her study of
  color photography. She work, together with the
  writings of James Agee, has made her famous
  around the world. I find her work particularly
  interesting because I think her ability to
  capture the feeling of a moment in a photograph
  is amazing.

http//www.masters-of-photography.com/L/levitt/lev
itt_articles1.html
27
Mahatma Gandhi - 1946

• Gandhi was a peace activist who almost
  single-handedly granted India independence from
  Great Britain. He was born in West India in
  1869. He went to law school in London and then
  moved to South Africa. There, he fought for the
  rights of Indians in South Africa and drastically
  improved the place of Indians there. He then
  moved back to India where he fought his greatest
  battle. He never actually fought anyone, but
  instead when fights broke out between the Muslims
  and Hindus he would fast until the fighting
  stopped. When India finally became independent in
  1947, it was split up into Muslim Pakistan and
  Hindu India. Gandhi spent the rest of his life
  fighting for the unification of the two separate
  countries. Gandhi was assassinated on January
  1948 when he was walking though the gardens in
  New Delphi.

Photograph by Margaret Bourke-White, Published by
Phaidon Publishers
28
Robert Muilenburg In Philippines - 1948
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Robert Muilenburg in Philippines 1948 ( cont.)
This picture is a picture of my grandfather,
Robert Muilenburg, when he was 16 and lived in
the Philippines. He was visiting a coconut
plantation owned by one of his friends. Shortly
after this photograph was taken, there were
gunshots heard in the woods and my grandfather
and his friends were forced to leave the
plantation because of guerilla activity. At the
time of this photograph my grandfather and his
family had recently returned to the Philippines
from California, where they had been forced to
reside because of World War II (1939-45). MY
grandfather attended Hope College in Philadelphia
and then married my grandmother Phyllis Wierenga.
He then joined the navy. After his time in the
navy, he worked in public relations in the
American Seating Company, traveling from
Michigan, Ohio and finally to New Jersey where he
lives today.
30
1950-1959
31
My grandmother at the Beach - 1955

• This is a photograph of my grandmother, Phyllis
  Wieranga, at the beach shortly after her marriage
  to my grandfather, Robert Muilenburg. She was at
  Cape May beach in New Jersey, where they later
  bought a summer house, and they vacation there
  every summer. At this time, she was about 22
  years old.

32
Photograph of Langston Hughes by Roy DeCarava1955

• Roy DeCarava was a photographer who used his
  photos to depict the life and struggles of the
  African-American people. He has collaborated with
  the African-American poet, Langston Hughes
  (pictured above), to create a book about everyday
  life in Harlem, NY. DeCarava was the first black
  artist to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship. He
  contributed much to the black community through
  his photographs, and is thought of as one of the
  most influential photographers in the African
  American community.

http//www.masters-of-photography.com/D/decarava/d
ecarava_hughes.html.
33
Elvis - 1956

• Elvis Presley, known as the king of rock and
  roll, had a profound effect on the music
  industry. He recorded his first album in 1953 he
  was a national sensation by 1956. It wasnt only
  Elvis ability to sing western, rock and roll,
  and the blues, but his new approach as an
  entertainer that gained him his fame. He was a
  sexual icon for the ages, adored by millions of
  adolescent girls throughout the nation. He
  introduced an new era of rock and roll to the
  nation, and even to this day he is still
  considered one of the greatest performers of all
  time.

http//www.encyclopedia.com/html/p/presley.asp ww
w.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/ Music/08/08/ep.icon/
34
Marilyn Monroe - 1956

• Marilyn Monroe was a sex symbol of her time, and
  a Hollywood legend after her death. She was
  raised in orphanages and was first married at age
  14. She had a breathy singing style and an
  incredible amount of charisma. She not only sang
  but also acted in many different films, gaining
  herself a reputation as an esteemed actress. She
  was always a mysterious woman, and her suicide at
  age 36 only enhanced this feeling. She had a
  great impact on the world of Hollywood. She was
  one of the first women to become a true sex
  symbol, and many actresses after her have tried
  to achieve the same level of importance. Since
  her death, she had made the top ten of many
  lists of the most sexy and most important
  actresses of the 1900s.

http//www.encyclopedia.com/html/m/monroe-m1.asp A
labiso, Vincent. The Associated Press Covers the
World. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York. 1998.
35
The First Xerox Machine - 1959

• In 1959 the first Xerox machine, the Xerox 914,
  was invented. This machine was the first of its
  kind and was able to make copies on plain paper.
  It was invented by Haloid Xerox. The machine was
  instantly popular among many businesses and the
  Xerox manufacturers could barely make enough
  machines to keep up with the demand. The Xerox
  machine impacted photography by opening the door
  to the invention of many modern photographic
  devices which allow photographs to be flawlessly
  reprinted many times. This allows photographs to
  be shared among many people because more than one
  copy can be made.

http//www.digicamhistory.com/1950s.html
36
1960-1969
37
John F. Kennedy - 1961

• John F. Kennedy was the youngest man elected as
  President in the U.S., but was also the youngest
  to die when he was assassinated on November 22,
  1963. He was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on
  May 29, 1917. He then graduated from Harvard in
  1940, and then he entered the Navy. After the
  participating in the war, he became a Democratic
  Congressman from Boston, and in 1953 he became
  part of the Senate. In 1960 he was elected
  president, beating Richard Nixon by a small
  amount. During his term as president he did many
  good things for the U.S. He was able to improve
  the economy after WWII, and also tried to
  reinstate the American ideal of helping to
  develop other nations. He started the space
  program and fought against Russia in the Cold
  War. Shortly before his assassination in 1963 he
  tried to stop the use of nuclear weapons in war,
  an idea that is still part of presidential
  campaigns today.

http//www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.
html
38
Martin Luther King Jr. - 1963

• Pictured here is Martin Luther King Jr. leading a
  demonstration demanding a strong civil rights
  plank in the GOP campaign platform, in Chicago.
  Martin Luther King Jr. was a great leader of the
  civil rights movement in the U.S. in the 1950s
  and 1960s. His famous speech I have a dream
  promoted the idea of equality between blacks and
  whites. He staged many protests against
  segregation and was one of the key people in the
  eventual end to segregation in the U.S. His work
  to promote equality and demote racism in the U.S.
  has made him one of the most influential people
  in the battle for equality for African Americans.

Photo by Francis Miller for LIFE
magazine http//www.life.com/Life/mlk/mlk03.htm
39
First Instant Color Film by Polaroid - 1963

• In 1963 the first instant color film was
  invented by Dr. Edwin Land and marketed by
  Polaroid. This invention allowed for an almost
  immediate viewing of a picture after it was
  taken. This meant that the additional cost of
  developing the film was eliminated. While this
  method was not very popular with true artistic
  photographers because of the poor quality of the
  film, it became extremely popular with the
  general public. It was a huge success by the
  Polaroid company and was the invention that put
  them on the map. This method, while improved, is
  still used today by many people.

http//www.ted.photographer.org.uk/photohistory_or
igin.htm
40
The Beatles - 1963

• The Beatles changed the world of music forever.
  The four members, John Lennon, James Paul
  McCartney, George Harrison and Richard Starkey
  (Ringo Starr), were all born in Liverpool,
  England in the 1940s. They first became popular
  in Europe, and then spread to the United States n
  1960s. Their lyrics expressed their own feelings
  about the times. They projected the idea of
  peace, love and happiness. They started many new
  trends, in music and in fashion. Their impact on
  the musical and cultural aspect of the world can
  never be forgotten.

Photography by Angus McBean, Published by Phaidon
Publishers http//members.aol.com/AstraWing/beati
mp.html
41
The Earthrise Photograph - 1968

• The Apollo 8 mission, 7 months before the first
  lunar landing, took many different photographs of
  the earth and the moon, but one particular photo
  is the most famous. This photo is taken with the
  earth sitting above the moon, and is considered
  the single most important space photograph. It is
  nicknamed earthrise because it looks as if he
  earth is rising above the moon, as the sun does
  on earth. The fact that this photo captures the
  natural beauty of the earth also makes it an
  important environmental photograph as well.

Photograph by William Anders http//www.abc.net.au
/science/moon/earthrise.htm nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/..
./html/object_page/
42
1970-1979
43
Shooting at Kent State University - 1970

• On May 4, 1970, four students were killed and
  nine were wounded when National Guardsmen opened
  fire on protesters at the Kent State University.
  The students were protesting the Vietnam war, and
  the National Guard had been sent out in order to
  control them. This famous photograph depicts the
  horror that the students felt after their fellow
  protesters were shot down by the National
  Guardsman. The shootings were a matter of
  national controversy, and many blamed the
  National Guardsman calling them murderers, while
  others claimed that the students had also
  violated the law and had threatened the
  guardsman. This incident marked the unstableness
  of the times, and how the war and anti-war
  protests had rocked the entire nation.

Photograph by John Filo http//www.cnn.com/2000/US
/05/04/kent.state.revisit/ http//www.uncp.edu/lib
rary/instruction/images/kent_state.jpg
44
Watergate Scandal - 1972

• The Watergate scandal was a complex system of
  political scandals that occurred between 1972 and
  1974. It began with the burglary of the
  Democratic National Committee in the Watergate
  Hotel, Washington D.C. on June 17, 1972. It
  became apparent that President Richard Nixon was
  paying the burglars of the Watergate Hotel when a
  check for 25,000 from the Nixon campaign was
  discovered in one of the burglars bank accounts.
  This scandal ended up with President Nixons
  resignation on August 8, 1974. This scandal
  exposed the corruption within the U.S. government
  and made the public less trusting of political
  officials.

http//www.watergate.info/ http//abcnews.go.com/s
ections/us/DailyNews/watergate_poll020617.html
45
Skylab - 1974

• Skylab was Americas first experimental space
  station. The two main purposes of Skylab were to
  prove that man could live in a micro gravity area
  for long periods of time and to expand mans
  knowledge of astronomy. The station was home to
  over 300 experiments and repairs over the course
  of its existence, until it was shut down and left
  in a stable orbit around the earth. The orbit did
  not last, however, and on July 11, 1979 the
  station broke up and scattered debris throughout
  the Indian Ocean. The Skylab marked the first
  home in space that man could stay at for
  extended periods of time. It also paved the way
  for other, more advanced, space stations that
  exist today.

Sandler, Martin W. America A Celebration!.
Dorling Kindersley Publishing. 2000 http//www.io.
com/o_m/ssh_skylab_trainer_outside.html
46
Pamela Dietz at Homecoming - 1974

• This is a picture of my mother, Pamela Dietz, at
  her homecoming dance in Ohio. She was a freshman
  in high school at the time and was about 15 years
  old. She attended the dance with her boyfriend at
  the time, Chris, who was a junior. She attended
  high school in Ohio for her freshman and
  sophomore year, and junior and senior year she
  attended high school in New Jersey.

47
The First Point-and-Shoot Self Focusing Camera -
1977

• In 1977 Konica invented the Konica C35-AF, the
  first point-and-shoot and auto focusing camera.
  As opposed to older cameras, this camera adjusted
  the light meter internally, so the photographer
  didnt have to change the f-stop or shutter speed
  every time they changed lighting situations. The
  flash on the camera allowed the photographer to
  take pictures in darker areas, too. While this
  camera wasnt as popular with professional
  photographers because the depth of field and the
  ability to capture movement could not be
  adjusted, this camera was widely popular with
  amateur photographs because it was so easy to
  use. This invention allowed amateur photographers
  to take well lit photographs more easily and with
  little effort.

http//www.digicamhistory.com/1970s.html
48
First Video Disk - 1979

• In 1979 Phillips and Sony collaborated to create
  the first modern videodisk. This disk was able to
  store images and sound like a normal record would
  record sounds. This new invention allowed
  multiple images to be easily stored and accessed
  with one disk. Although this invention was never
  incredibly popular, it helped to open the door
  for other similar inventions that combined
  photography with technology.

http//users.pipeline.com.au/mma/pages/History/Vid
eo_disc.htm
49
1980-1989
50
William Dietz and Phillip Dietz - 1985

• This is a photograph of my father, William Dietz,
  and my cousin, Phillip Dietz. My father and
  mother were visiting my cousins and my aunt in
  uncle in Virginia because the oldest child in
  that family, Nicholas, had bone cancer. My father
  and mother were outside tring to cheer-up the
  younger kids, including the youngest, Phillip,
  Shortly after this photograph was taken, Nicholas
  passed away because of cancer.

51
Madonna - 1985

• Madonna is an American pop singer and actress
  who has challenged social boundaries and broken
  rules with almost all of her performances. Her
  first album, Madonna, in 1983 won her first title
  as a pop and sex icon of the ages. By creating
  her own style of dangling beads and lingerie, she
  created an entire look for the 80s decade. Her
  general message to live life to the fullest and
  have fun helped to inspire an attitude of
  recklessness and youthful abandon in the 80s. She
  was also a renowned feminist who encouraged woman
  to be themselves and to be comfortable with their
  bodies.

www.encyclopedia.com/html/m/madonna.asp Sandler,
Martin W. America A Celebration!. Dorling
Kindersley Publishing. 2000
52
Explosion of the Challenger Space Shuttle - 1986

• On January 28, 1986 the Space Shuttle Challenger
  and its crew were destroyed in an explosion only
  one minute after lift-off. The seven crew members
  all lost their lives. The explosion was caused by
  a fuel leak in the rocket booster. This tragedy
  shocked the nation. This accident stopped the
  nations space program and any NASA research for
  several years. This accident was also one of many
  problems with NASA that ruined its reputation and
  caused congress to lessen funds in later years.
  This accident exposed the imperfection and
  frailty of the space program, causing many
  Americans to second guess whether this program
  was ever safe at all.

http//www.me.utexas.edu/uer/challenger/intro.h
tml http//teacher.scholastic.com/space/sts7/space
flight.htm
53
First Single-Use Camera - 1987

• In 1987, Kodak introduced its first single-use
  camera, the Fling. Alan VanDeMoere was the
  first to come up with the idea for the camera,
  and is now the head of the single-use camera
  department at Kodak. While some people worried
  that this single-use camera would affect film
  sales, it actually created a great new
  moneymaking item for Kodak. This camera allowed
  amateur photographs to simply buy the camera,
  snap the pictures, and develop the film without
  having to own an actual camera. The film came
  inside the camera, and eliminated the extra cost
  of film for the consumer.

http//www.fastcompany.com/online/24/kodak.html ht
tp//www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/aboutKodak/kodakHist
ory/milestones80to94.shtml
54
Tiananmen Square Protest - 1989

• In April 1989, college students in China began a
  protest for democratic reform in Tiananmen
  Square. This protest was brutally put down by the
  Chinese government on June 3 and 4 of the same
  year. When the government refused to respond to
  the protests, workers, intellectuals and civil
  servants joined the students until over one
  million people filled the square. The government
  sent tanks and soldiers to the square who killed
  thousands of people in order to stop the
  protests. These brutal killings showed the
  inhumane tactics that the Chinese government was
  willing to employ in order to avoid opposition to
  their government. It was one of the most violent
  government demonstrations of the time, and still
  stands as a symbol of unjust government action
  today.

http//www.uncp.edu/library/instruction/images/tia
nanmen.jpg http//infoplease.com/spot/tiananmen.ht
ml
55
1990-1999
56
Mother Teresa - 1990

• Mother Teresa was a nun who founded the convent
  Sisters of Charity, dedicated to helping the very
  poor. She began this convent in India, where she
  worked and had become a nun. The Sisters of
  Charity convent has been spread to include almost
  3,000 members with countries worldwide. Mother
  Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for
  her devotion towards selflessly helping the poor
  of India, and inspiring others to do the same
  worldwide. Mother Teresa died on September 5,
  1997. Mother Teresas work with the poor has made
  her known worldwide as one of the most selfless
  and truly saintly people of her time. Her work
  has influenced others to also selflessly help
  those who need it most, and to spread the
  kindness that she shared with others.

http//www.tisv.be/mt/pic/mtheresa.jpg
57
Nelson Mendela Elected President of South Africa
-1991

• In July of 1991, the first democratic election of
  South Africa was held, and Nelson Mandela was
  elected president of the African National
  Congress. Nelson Mandela was a long time
  anti-apartheid activist in South Africa. He was
  only let of prison a year earlier, after being
  held for 27 and half years as a political
  prisoner. Mandelas election marked an entirely
  new era in South Africa, ending the oppression
  and discrimination against people of color and
  African Americans. He was awarded the Nobel Peace
  Prize in 1993 with Frederik de Klerk (the former
  president) for their participation in the
  elimination of apartheid in South Africa.

www.armeisenbaer.de/ nelson-mandela.htm http//inf
oplease.com/ce6/people/A0831499.html
58
Operation Desert Storm - 1991

• When Saddam Hussein ordered Iraq to invade Kuwait
  on August 2, 1990, President George Bush
  announced the beginning of Operation Desert
  Shield which included a naval and air blockade
  and the steady deployment of U.S. military forces
  to Saudi Arabia. Shortly before Iraq passed the
  deadline to move out of Kuwait on January 15,
  1881, congress approved the use of the U.S. army
  to move Iraq out of Kuwait. At this time, there
  were already 500,000 military personnel and
  thousands of tanks, airplanes, and other weapons
  mobilized near the border of Kuwait. One day
  after the deadline the U.S. began Operation
  Desert Storm. This battle crushed the Iraqi
  troops and caused very few casualties on the side
  of the U.S., who recaptured Kuwait 100 hours
  after the start of the battle. This battle showed
  the strength and speed of the U.S. army, and it
  also helped to boost the nations confidence in
  its president and army. Operation Desert Storm is
  still considered one of the U.S.s most
  successful military campaigns to date.

http//www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/us_histor
y.asp
59
Davids Christening - 1992

• This is a picture of me, my mom, and my brother,
  David, before he was christened. This was when he
  was about 6 months old, in 1992, the year he was
  born. We are all wearing white because that is
  the traditional color for christenings. He was
  christened in Andover, MA, where he was born and
  where we lived until 1998.

60
Family Reunion - 1995

• In 1995, my fathers side of the family had a
  reunion at a resort called Monsall Mountain in
  upstate New York. This photograph pictures all of
  my cousins, fourteen, on that side of the family.
  We stayed at the resort for a week, where we swam
  at the lake and did some family activities.

61
Got Milk Ads Annie Leibowitz - 1998

• Annie Leibowitz is the most successful celebrity
  photographer of the 1990s. At the age of 23 she
  became the chief photographer for Rolling Stone
  magazine. Her ability to capture the personality
  of her subject has made here a favorite
  photographer among the celebrities themselves.
  She also helped to launch the overwhelmingly
  successful Got Milk ad that captured many
  celebrities. This ad campaign photographed
  celebrities with milk mustaches and became very
  popular to collect among children and even
  adults. She is considered the most famous
  photographer of her generation.

http//www.whymilk.com/celebrities/kiss.htm http/
/www.infoplease.com/ipea/A0906909.html
62
2000-2003
63
England - 2001

• This is a photograph of my youngest brother,
  David, who was 8 at the time. We visited England
  in 2001, and this is a picture of my brother
  dressed up in knights clothing when we visited
  Warwick castle, outside of London. We spent a
  week and a half in England, a week in London and
  4 days in my aunt and uncles house outside of
  London, in the countryside. We visited all the
  famous sites in London, as well as several
  castles and more rural sites outside of London.

64
France - 2003

• In April of 2003 we visited Paris, France as a
  family. This picture shows me, my mom, my dad,
  and my two younger brothers standing in front of
  the Notre Dame cathedral. We stayed in my Aunt
  and Uncles house in Paris for a week and 2 days
  during April break. We visited all of the famous
  sites in Paris, such as the Eiffel Tower and the
  Arc de Triumph. We also took two side trips, one
  to the palace in Versailles and one to Omaha
  Beach in Normandy.

65
Cat in Sunlight

• This is a photograph I took in my first
  assignment. The assignment was to simply
  demonstrate different compositional techniques.
  This photograph turned out well, and was the best
  of my first assignment. Some things I could have
  improved on was to cut out some things from the
  photo, like the chair and plug in the background.
  Also, I wish I had had a picture where I had
  larger view of the shadow.

66
Fence with shadow

• This was a photograph I took in our third
  assignment, the light assignment. I feel that
  this picture shows my improvement from my first
  assignment in several ways. First, I think that
  the way that I show more of the shadow than I do
  in the cat picture helps to enhance the picture.
  Also, the background of the photograph has less
  distracting objects than the cat picture, so the
  viewer can focus on the subject.

67
Final Project David in the Shade

• I think this photograph incorporates
  everything that I had hoped to improve on in my
  final project. It had shadow as a focus of the
  picture, and very little background items that
  interfere. Most importantly, I think I have
  succeeded in making my subject matter more
  interesting than in past assignments. I think
  that having to make the pictures relate to me
  helped me to have more interesting subject
  matter, my brother. My previous subjects had been
  mainly my cat and random inanimate objects.

68
Final Project David Pulling Rope

• I was happy with this photograph for several
  reasons. Firstly, many of my pictures of David
  were of him sitting still, and this picture shows
  motion and that makes it more interesting.
  Secondly, I like who the lightness of the water
  contrasts against he rocks and seaweed in the
  background. Also, the lines of the rope and the
  direction of the movement in the photograph
  really lead the eye through the picture well.

69
Final Project David In the Rocks

• This photograph has a nice composition. The
  circular shape of the coastline leads the eye
  through the picture, starting with David kneeling
  in the front. Also, the contrast of the lightness
  of the water with the darkness of the seaweed
  helps to make the photo more interesting.