High Altitude Platform based Wireless Network

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High Altitude Platform based Wireless Network

• Summer 2009
• ICT
• TUWien
• Ha Yoon Song, Guestprofessor
• song_at_ict.tuwien.ac.at

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PSL
IPL
HAP
Ground station
Switch / Gateway
IP
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Broadband Communications via High Altitude
Platforms(HAPs) A survey

• S. Karapantazis and F.-N. Pavlidou

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Introduction(1)

• High Altitude Platforms(HAPs)
• Stratospheric Platforms(SPFs)
• Height 17 22Km
• from hot-air balloons
• Advantage of
• Satellite Communication System
• Terrestrial Wireless System

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Introduction(2)

• Easy to deploy, incremental deploy
• Flexibility, Reconfigurability
• Low cost of operation (comparing to Satellites)
• Low propagation delay
• High Elevation!
• Wide area coverage
• Broadcast/Multicast
• Mobility !
• BUT, Problems with
• Monitoring of Station
• Airship manufacturing
• Antenna technology

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Introduction(4)

• HAPs for 3G system because of
• Easy to maintain
• Easy to deploy
• Lower path loss
• 4G Satellite HAPS MBMS.
• Stand alone HAPs for low population with large
  area.

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Aerial Vehicles, Key Issues and Spectrum
Allocation

• Three types
• Propulsion unmanned airships(balloons,
  aerostats)
• High Altitude Long Endurance Platforms(HALE
  Platforms)
• Solar-powered unmanned aircraft
• Manned aircraft(???)

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Key Issues

• Airship HOVERING
• GPS
• Diesel Motors Solar powered

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Spectrum Allocation

• ITU allocates HAPs frequency with 48/47GHz
  600MHz
• shared with satellite
• OR for 3G, 2GHz
• For broadband, fixed application 18-32GHz
• Table 5.

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Architectures and Services I-Network Design-

• High reliability
• Low power consumption
• Lighter payload
• Max 150KM footprint by ITU
• Min. 5 degree of elevation
• Recommended 15 degree to avoid clutter

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Architectures and Services(2) -Network Design-

• Frequency Reuse
• Cellular architecture
• High Bandwidth for Broadband application
• Fixed Channel Allocation(FCA)
• Dynamic Channel Allocation(DCA)
• HeliNet Network
• CAPANINA

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Architectures and Services(3) -Network Design-

• Backhaul links, duplicated
• High traffic for down link
• Asymmetry to uplink
• Multiple uplinks for backhaul station

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Architectures and Services(4) -Network Design-

• Macrocell and microcell architecture (Fig.12)
• Rural macrocell (Fig.13)
• Sectoring. (Fig.14) for system capacity

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Architectures and Services(5) -Network Design-

• Ring-shaped Cell Clustering (Fig. 15).
• Coaxial Rings
• Multi-beam, controllable antenna
• Simpler handoff design
• Cell scanning (Fig. 16)
• Stratospheric radio-relay Maritime ( Fig.17 )

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Architectures and Services -Capacity-

• Bandwidth
• Cell size depends on Antenna
• Directional Antenna
• Interference (Fig.20)

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Channel Modeling and Transmission Techniques(
Transmission and Coding 1 )

• HeliNet QP,, QAM, M-PSK(starQAM), CPM, GMSK,
  MA-MSK)
• Table 11
• Elevation!

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Antennas(1)

• Requirements
• High frequency for High bandwidth
• High gain, directional antenna
• Multibeam antenna with 100 beams
• Fig. 34 for footprint
• Beam controllability
• Low payload and low power
• Reliability

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Antennas(2)

• Array of the antenna at 2.2Ghz, 21Km height
• Wider array with high altitude, narrower array
  with high frequency
• Multibeam Horn(MBH)
• Digital Beamforming(DBF)
• Table X?

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Applications and Related Projects(1) -
Applications -

• HAPs is able to RAPID DEPLOY
• Olympic Game, Pop concert, Rescue management
• Wideband Internet access, entertainment video,
  audio, videoconferencing, cellular telephony,
  digital network
• Standalone HAP network
• Supplementary network for other terrestrial
  network

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Applications and Related Projects(2) -
Applications -

• HAP can be combined with GSM spec easily
• HAP with BASE STATION inside
• HAP only with REPEATER inside
• HAP with REPEATER communicates with Reference
  station which is NOT GSM combatible
• HAP ability with GSM Fig.45
• Remote control for HAP

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Related Projects(1)

• HeliNet High Altitude Very Long Endurance
  unmanned solar aerodynamic platform
• Broadband telecommunication services
• Remote sensing
• Navigation/local sation

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Related Projects(2)

• 2003/ 11 CAPANINA, 6th European Unions Framework
  
• HeliNet based
• 120Mbit/s
• smart roof antenna over TRAIN
• mm-wave band
• free space-optic
• Also with
• England
• Korea
• Japan
• Sweden
• US watchdog ships also.
• Australia

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INTEGRATING USERSINTO THE WIDER
BROADBANDNETWORK VIA HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORM

• PEM

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Introduction(1)

• Helinet(5th Frame work Programme)
• Scale size of HAP and 3 pilot application
• 1)Broadband communication
• 2)Environmental monitoring
• 3)Remote sensing
• CAPANINA(6th)
• Low cost broadband technology
• Efficient integrated coverage

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Introduction(2)
1. enable high-rate communication (120
Mbps) 2. 60Km LOS for direct service
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Introduction(3)

• Identification of appropriate application and
  service and associated business model
• Development of a system testbed
• (near-term)
• ? fixed user, backhaul for WLAN..
• (Longer-term) advanced mobile broadband wireless
  access

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Broadband Application, Service, and Infrastructure

• 120Mb/s
• 60Km LOS
• Seamlessly integrate with other delivery platform
• Communication standard

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Application and Service Selection(1)
QOS parameter delay, delay variation, packet
loss
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Application and Service Selection(2)

• HAP end to end path
• In isolation from any core network,
• providing connectivity for private network.
• (having few but high value links)
• 2) Between core networks as point-to-point trunk
  connections
• 3) In the access network, providing many users
  with access to core networks
• (many low value links)
• CAPANINA of eTOM
• Enterprise Telecoms Operations Map

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Aerial Platform Configurations and Spectrum
Sharing (1)
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Aerial Platform Configurations and Spectrum
Sharing (2)

• Work by exploiting the directionality of the user
  antenna
• 1) Simple Platform
• 2) Ships at different height the wider the
  higher
• 47/48GHZ, 31/28GHZ ITU allotment

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Optical Link Capacity

• Optical backhaul link
• 10-12millimeter-wave backhaul
• higher data rates using millimeter wave band(
  1.25Gb/s link )
• Transfer non-time-critical data
• Interplatform links cheaper than ground comm.
• -450650Km range

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Broadband Trials To Fixed Users From Aerial
Platform

• Different broadband services/applications
• System testbed / equipment

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System Testbed(1)

• 3 different aerial platform technologies
• 1)Tethered platform
• 2)Stratospheric balloon
• 3)Full HAP
• Trial 1
• 1)BFWA up to fixed user using 28GHZband
• 2)end-to-end connectivity
• 3)High speed internet and video
• 4)Optical communication

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System Testbed(2)

• Trial 2
• Balloon
• -gt 28/29 GHZ
• Optical communication
• High data rate backhaul link
• Integration of multipayload system
• Trial 3 2006

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Wireless Equipment

• Millimeter-wave trial equipment is based around
  28/29 GHz and 28/31GHz frequency
• Trial1 tethered aerostat
• - optical fiber, power
• Trial2 free flying stratospheric balloon
• Strict weight
• single beam coverage of footprint
• millimeter wave link

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Free-Space OpticalCommunications Equipment

• Optical beam for optical interplatform link
  dependent
• Atmosphere effect?
• Intensity modulation with direct detection
  short implementation time
• Ground station tracking system
• -gt trial 1 270Mbps video signal

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Delivery Broadband to High-Speed Vehicles

• CAPANINA project for High Speed Vehicles
• Delivering broadband (backhaul) to trains
  equipped with onboard WLAN access point

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Selection of a Broadband Wireless Access Standard

• HAPS
• 1)seamlessly with existing communication network
• 2)Wide adoption among potential users
• Good for Specific requirement, particular
  operating environment
• IEEE 802.16SC standard

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Propagation Impairment

• ITU assigned millimeter wave band
• Rain attenuation
• Scattering
• Relatively short, uncluttered link
• Dropper effect
• -gt design of an efficient radio interface
• HeliNet project Result
• -gt develop a suitable channel model including a
  short-term numerical model
• -gt implemented as a fast infrared filter with
  time-variant coefficients

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The Radio Interface

• Numerical channel extension for High-speed mobile
  application
• Cutting edge technology
• MIMO(multiple Input multiple output)
• Advanced signal processing

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Resource and Mobility Management

• Good communication link under rapid movement.
• -gt Novel resource allocation strategies
• User - single HAP backhaul link develop
  mobility, interface solve
• efficient spectrum
• QOS

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An intergrated Satellite_HAP-Terrestrial system
architecture resources allocation and traffic
management issues

• P. Pace, G. Aloi, F. De Rango, E. Natalizio, A.
  Molinaro, S. Marano
• Dept. DEIS - University of Calabria
• Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza) - Italy
• ppace, aloi, derango, enatalizio, molinaro,
  marano) _at_deis.unical.it

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contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Benefits of HAP Communication
• 3. Satellite-HAP-Terrestrial system
• 4. Advantage of the scenario and open issues
• 4. Conclusion

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1. Introduction

• Terminology
• HMCS(HAP Master Control Station)
• The terrestrial layers terminals within the same
  HAP coverage area have to use HAP transponder and
  HAP Master Control Station (HMCS) to send and
  receive data amongst themselves.
• HGTW(HAP Gateway Station)
• the HAP Gateway stations (HGTW) guarantees
  communications among users belonging to different
  HAP coverage areas using the CEO satellite links.
• In order to guarantee an adequate quality of
  service to these kinds of service, it is required
  an efficient resources allocation and traffic
  management algorithm to be implemented inside the
  HMCS and HGTW stations.

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• Next generation satellite systems will provide
  personal communications to mobile and fixed
  users. As the demand grows for communication
  services, wireless solutions are becoming
  increasingly important. ? HAP
• Platform airplanes or airships , manned or
  unmanned
• Position ?
  wind

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• HAPs can offer a wide range of services. Such
  services may particularly valuable where existing
  ground infrastructure is missing or difficult.
• HAPs are ideally suited to the provision of
  centralized adaptable resources allocation, i.e.
  flexible and responsive frequency reuse patterns
  and cell sizes, unconstrained by the physical
  location of base-stations, the smaller cells
  provide greater overall capacity as frequencies
  are reused a greater number of times within a
  given geographical area as shown in figure 2.

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2. Benefits of HAP Communication

• 1. Large-area coverage
• 2. Flexibility to respond to traffic demand
• 3. Low cost
• 4. Incremental deployment
• 5. Rapid deployment
• 6. Platform and payload upgrading
• 7. Environmentally friendly

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3. Satellite-HAP-Terrestrial system

• The system architecture proposed in this work is
  shown in figure below

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• Usage
• User terminals cannot communication with each
  other without the necessary use of HAPs forward
  and return links.
• HAP-Gateway (HGTW) terrestrial terminal must
  exists for each HAP coverage area and guarantees
  communications among users belonging to different
  HAP coverage areas
• HGTW links together HAP and satellite layers
• HAP usage mitigates multipath effects, typical of
  terrestrial cellular systems, and decrease
  geostationary satellite propagation delays

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• This system scenario consists of tree layers
• Terrestrial Layer
• user terminals, control and management stations
• Fixed Terminal (FT) and Mobile Terminal (MT)
• HAP Layer
• The stratospheric platform layer hosts the set of
  HAPs. Since HAPs do not have OBP, they act like
  simple hubs.
• GEO Layer
• Satellite layer uses GEO regenerative satellites
  that are provided with On-Board Processing (OBP).
  It can use forward channel both towards
  terrestrial layer and HAP layer.

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IV. Advantage of the scenario and open issues

• Advantage
• Simple design and implementation
• An HAP layer can he seen as a terrestrial system
  extension.
• satellite does not have to manage traffic of a
  single terrestrial terminal user
• terminals can be made without great financial and
  design efforts because they do not have the task
  of interacting directly with the satellite
  segment.
• Issue
• A channel assignment and resource allocation
  schemes will need to he developed for the HAP
  scenario
• Integration with terrestrial and/or satellite
  architectures will also require careful planning.
• Choice of an HAP and GEO layers protocol platform
  (MPEG, DVB, ATM, IP )
• Design of an efficient resources allocation and
  traffic management algorithms.
• Design of traffic aggregation (integrated and
  differentiated) techniques
• Design of a centralized Call Admission Control
  (CAC) algorithm

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• the previous scenario adding the OBP capabilities
  over the HAPs

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• should be possible to share tasks at different
  layers and use less complex ground control
  station (HMCS, Satellite-MCS).
• the users terminals should be hybrid terminals,
  able to work on different frequency bands and
  with very different power levels
• these terminals will be more complex and
  expensive
• laser communications
• can transmit data at rates up to 450 Mbps.
• SILEX terminal could be used for a satellite HAPS
  link for high data rate communications.

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V. Conclusion

• This paper investigated the design of a
  integrated satellite-HAP-terrestrial architecture
  for telecommunications.
• The haps layer give a added value to wireless
  communications because it offers reduced
  propagation delay and offer a broadband
  covertures.

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802.16e vs 802.20Wi-Fi Wi-MAX, MBWA, 3G

• 2008.7.21
• PEM

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802.16 vs. 802.20 (1)

• IEEE, 2 working groups
• Spec. for new mobile air interface for wireless
  broadband
• Similar, but
• 802.16 e mobility in the 2 to 6 GHz
• 802.20 operation in licensed below 3.5GHz

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802.16 vs. 802.20 (2)

• 802.16e from 802.16a(WiMAX Forum) standard
• 802.16 uses existing Broadband Wireless
  Access(BWA)
• inherent mobility of wireless media
• Fills gap between Wireless MAN and WLAN

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802.16 vs. 802.20 (3)

• 802.20
• Wireless MAN, real time data transmission
  rate
• 15Km cell range
• Upto 250Km/h velocity
• cf)802.16 for (120-150Km/h)

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802.16 vs. 802.20 (4)

• 802.16e is looking at the mobile user walking
  around with PDA or laptop.
• 802.20 will address high-speed mobility issue.
• Deployment in different method
• 1)16e 16a cell footprint
• 2)20 wider footprint deploy

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802.16 vs. 802.20 (5)

• 802.20 will be a compete to 3G
• if 802.16e drives demand initially and people
  are getting thirsty for it, a .20 solution could
  be deployed on a widespread basis and take
  advantage of users wants and demand for
  high-speed data.

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Bringing Wireless Access to the Automobile

• Wireless Fidelity(Wi-Fi) 802.11p
• air interface between a wireless client and a
  base station
• Worldwide interoperability of Microwave
  Access(WiMAX) 802.16
• - metropolitan area?? last mile problem ?
  connection? ?? ??
• Mobile Broadband Wireless Access(MBWA) 802.20
• - To enable worldwide deployment of affordable
  ubiquitous, interoperable multi-vender mobile BWA
• Third-Generation (3G)
• - Wireless network access for both stationary
  and moving

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Comparison Parameters

• Performance
• - Application dependent on (latency, low/high
  band)
• Coverage Area
• - Distance between Base station
• Reliability
• - Average number of dropped packet
• Security
• - encryption, authentication
• Mobility
• - Speed of mobile access point

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Wi-Fi(802.11p)

• Mostly for mobility
• First high-speed wireless
• Limited range
• 300 feet (for 802.11a)
• 1000feet (for 802.11p)

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WiMAX(802.16e)

• Standard for point-to-multi point wireless
  network
• last mile connectivity
• DSL like data rate
• 30 miles

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MBWA (802.20)

• Mobile broadband, high-speed
• 155 mile/hour, for train
• Wireless MAN, real-time transmission
• Required channel bandwidth is small
• 9 mile of BS range
• Handoff solution between 802.20 and 802.11-based
  LAN

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3G

• High-speed wireless communication
• Cellular technology
• Voice, data transmission for long-range wireless
  access

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Performance
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Coverage, mobility comparison
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Reliability, Security Comparison
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Conclusion

• Performance-latency, bandwidth
• - WiMAX is the best. (100Mbps, 25-40ms)
• Coverage area
• - MBWA is the broadest
• Reliability (???)
• Security (encryption, authentication)
• - Wi-Fi, 3G
• Mobility (speed)
• - MBWA

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Optical Free-Space Communications Downlinks from
Stratospheric Platforms
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Introduction(1)

• STROPEX
• STRatospheric Optical Downlink Experiment
• The CAPANINA Project
• Development of low-cost broadband service
• Providing efficient ubiquitous coverage
• Both mm-wave band and free space optic
  communication technology will be used.
• Free space optic communication
• Deliver very high data rates in clear air
  conditions
• Used for Interplatform links
• Supplement mm-wave band for backhaul traffic

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Introduction(2)
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Introduction(3)

• Optical free-space point-to-point communication
  links
• Certain application involving HAPs
• HAPs
• Location in a cloud free atmospheric altitude
• Enabling reliable line-of-sight links between
  different HAPs
• Meshed interconnected HAP network
• Optical down link to the terrestrial network
  would be feasible using site-deversity

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Introduction(4)

• Technical benefits of optical free-space
• Low-weight
• Power impact
• High data rate
• Do not interfere with RF-transmmision
• OIPL(Optical inter-platform-links)
• 1)Downlink experiment test, evaluation
• 2)Two airships further

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Test Scenario(1)

• Tethered Balloon Trial
• Autumn 2004, 400m altitude was tested
• Data rate was 270MBPS
• Transmission wave band was 808nm with 500mW mean
  source power
• Angle 16 degree

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Test Scenario(2)

• Stratospheric Trials
• FELT (Free-Space Experimental Leaser Terminal)
• Ascending 2 hours to an altitude of 22Km, staying
  there 8 hours while it drift of horizontally to
  max 60Km imposing a link distance of up to 64Km.

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Test Scenario(3)

• Atmospheric Attenuation and Index-of-Refraction
  Turbulence
• Atmospheric absorption and scattering along the
  link path
• Atmospheric attenuation can be kept below 2dB
• Molecular absorption lines of water vapour
• IRT (Index-of-refraction turbulence)
• Caused by inhomogeneous distribution of the
  temperature
• Coherence of an optical field has dropped
• Imposing severe problems in terms of fading and
  heterodyning quality for data receiver

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Description of FELT(1)

• FELT consists of motorised periscope for beam
  setting

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Description of FELT(2)

• Optical Layout
• Wavelength are 808nm as beacon from the optical
  ground station
• 9xx nm as beacon from the FELT
• 1550nm as carrier frequency for the IM/DD binary
  data stream
• 1550nm and 986nm ate combined
• 97x nm beacon source are also placed in the
  TX-path of the terminal
• OGS-beacon is detected and tracked by the
  tracking sensor

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Description of FELT(3)

• PAT-processor
• PAT(Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking)
• Based on CMOS imaging sensor
• Video signal is processed by an Integrated vision
  system

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Description of FELT(4)

• Communication Sub-System
• 3 data source at different data rates(1.25Gbps,
  270Mbps, 10Mbps)
• Available modulation onto the 1550nm data signal
  laser diode
• The different data rates shall enable the
  adoption to changing weather situations with high
  atmospheric attenuation during the test flight

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Ground Station and Channel Measurement devices

• Ground Station Setup and Data Path
• Receiver system with 40cm aperture diameter is
  developed.
• Channel Measurement Devices
• Character by statistical parameter
• Disturbances of intensity distribution (size and
  strength of variations of the spackle patterns)
• Optical wave-front distortions
• MASS-profiler(Multi Aperture Scintillation
  Sensor)
• DIMM(Differential Image Motion Monitor)

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Wavelength Selection and Terminal Architecture(4)