Title: China
1China
AP Comparative Politics
How many people live in China?
This presentation is adapted from Ethel Wood AP
Comparative Government Study Guide
2POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
- Four influences
- Geographical Influences
- Historical Influences before 1949
- Historical Influences of the PRC
- The Political Culture
3GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
4- Largest population by far of any country on
earth, and its land surface is the third largest,
after Russia and Canada. - Zhongguo, means "Middle Kingdom
- Some of its important geographical features
include - access to oceans/ice free ports
- many large navigable rivers
- major geographical/climate splits between north
and south - geographic isolation of the western part of the
country - mountain ranges, deserts, and oceans that
separate China from other countries - These geographic features have shaped Chinese
political development for centuries.
5Differences between Mandarin and Cantonese
- Where They Are Spoken
- Mandarin is the official language in Mainland
China and Taiwan - Mandarin is one of the five official languages in
the United Nations. - Cantonese is mainly spoken in Guangdong and
Guangxi provinces - The Differences in the Languages Themselves
- Same written characters with a few exceptions.
- The pronunciation of the two are totally
different. - Mandarin has four tones and Cantonese has more
than six. - The two are both tonal languages and they also
have different vowels and consonants too.
6HISTORICAL INFLUENCES BEFORE 1949
- Dynastic rule
- Control by imperialistic nations
- Revolutionary upheavals
7Dynastic Rule
- Some major influences from the dynastic era
include these principles - The mandate of heaven
- A strong merit-based bureaucracy
- Confucianism
8Control by Imperialistic Nations
- Imperialistic nations
- "spheres of influence"
- Resentment of the "foreign devils" that they
eventually rebelled against.
9Revolutionary upheavals
- Major revolutions occurred in China in 1911 and
1949, with many chaotic times in between. - Three themes dominated this revolutionary era
- Nationalism
- Establishing a new political community
- Socioeconomic Development
10The Legend of the Long March
- The Long March - the 1934-36 pursuit of Mao's
army across China by Chiang and his supporters. - Opposite effect.
-
- Mao emerged as a hero of the people, and many of
his loyal friends on the March lived on to be
prominent leaders of the People's Republic of
China after its founding in 1949
11- The Japanese occupied China during World War II,
but after the war ended, the forces of Chiang and
Mao met in Civil War, and Mao prevailed. In 1949
Chiang fled to Taiwan, and Mao established the
People's Republic of China under Communist rule.
12THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA - 1949 TO THE
PRESENT
- The People's Republic of China was born from a
civil war between the Nationalists under Chiang
Kai-shek and the Communists under Mao Zedong. - Mao named his new China the "People's Republican
of China," and Chiang claimed that his
headquarters in Taiwan formed the true
government. - "Two Chinas
13Mao in 1949
14The political development of the PRC
- Phases
- The Soviet Model (1949-1957)
- Land Reform.
- Civil Reform
- Five-Year Plans
- nationalize
- collectivize
- socialism.
15The Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
- The Great Leap Forward was a utopian effort to
transform China into a radical egalitarian
society. It's emphasis was mainly economic, and
it was based on four principles - All-around development
- Mass mobilization
- Political unanimity and zeal
- Decentralization
- The Great Leap Forward was a big flop.
16Mao during the cultural revolution
17The Cultural Revolution (1966-1978)
- Political, social and economic change
- Maos main goal was the purify the party and
the country through radical transformation. - Remove all vestiges of the old China and its
hierarchical bureaucracy and emphasis on
inequality. - Mao died in 1976, leaving his followers divided
into factions - Radicals
- The Military
- The Moderates
18Deng Xiaoping's Modernizations (1978-Present)
- The Gang of Four
- Zhou's death
- 1978, the new leader emerged - Deng Xiaping.
- New policies
- "Open door" trade policy
- Reforms in education
- Institutionalization of the Revolution
19Political Culture
- China's political culture is shaped by the many
eras of history - dynastic rule
- control by imperialist nations and its aftermath
- communist rule.
20Dynastic rule
- The political culture inherited from centuries of
dynastic rule centers around - Confucian values, such as order, harmony, and a
strong sense of hierarchy - "superior" and
"subservient" positions. - China has traditionally valued scholarship as a
way to establish superiority - Strong sense of cultural identity and a
relatively high degree of cultural omogeneity. - Ethnocentrism
21Resistance to imperialism
- Nationalism
- This nationalism was secured by the Revolution of
1911, and the hatred of the "foreign devils" has
led China to be cautious and suspicious in her
dealings with capitalist countries today.
22Maoism
- Mao Zedong was strongly influenced by Karl Marx
and Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), but his version of
communism is distinctly suited for China. - He believed in the strength of the peasant, and
centered his philosophy around these central
values - collectivism
- struggle and activism
- mass line
- egalitarianism
- self-reliance
23Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping
24Deng Xiaoping Theory
- - "It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or
black, as long as it catches mice." - The result of his leadership was a dramatic
turnaround of the Chinese economy through a
combination of socialist planning and the
capitalist free market. - True to Communist Party
25Participation
- Citizens are subjects of government, not
participants in a political system. - The communist state redefined political
participation by creating a relationship between
the Communist party and citizenship, and by
defining the economic relationship between
citizens and the government. - In recent years popular social movements that
support democracy, religious beliefs, and
community ties over nationalism have influenced
Chinese politics and helped to define China's
relationships with other countries.
26Political Party
- The CCP is the largest political party in the
world in terms of total formal membership, with
about 58 million members at the turn of the
century. - Only about 8 percent of those over eighteen (the
minimum age for joining the party) are members of
the CCP. - Party membership is growing, with new members
recruited largely from the CCP's Youth League.
About 68 million Chinese youths belonged to the
Youth League by the late 1990s.
27BACKGROUNDS OF PARTY MEMBERS
- Transition in the backgrounds of party members.
- Cadres were peasants or factory workers, and few
were intellectuals or professionals. - Increasingly "technocratic"
- Today less than 40 percent of party members come
from the peasantry, although peasants still make
up the largest single group within the CCP. - The fastest growing membership category consists
of officials, intellectuals, technicians, and
other professionals. - Women make up only about 20 percent of the
membership and only about 4 percent of the
Central Committee.
28A party-sponsored poster showing peasants
listening to Mao's red book as read by a party
member.
29ELECTIONS
- PRC elections
- Party controls
- Direct elections are held at the local level
- 1980s
- Direct, secret-ballot elections at local level.
30NONCOMMUNIST PARTIES
- CCP allows the existence of eight "democratic"
parties. - Membership
- Important advisory role to the party leaders.
- No independent democratic parties
31GUANXI AND FACTIONS
The picture above commemorates the legendary Long
March of 1934-36 that sealed Mao's place in
Chinese history as a charismatic leader who
brought about great change. His compatriots
that made the journey with him became known as
the "Old Guard," a group of friends that
networked with one another for many years through
guanxi, or personal connections.
32Nomenclature
- System of choosing cadres from lower levels of
the party hierarchy for advancement based on
their loyalty and contributions to the well-being
of the party. - Patron-client network called guanxi.
- based on ideology
- the source of factions within the party.
- pervasive at the local level
33Factionalism
- Splits among the radicals and the reformers and
the military - In general, the factions have split in at least
three ways - conservatives
- reformers/open door
- Liberals
- Process of fang-shou
34Corruption
- The combination of guanxi and the economic boom
of the past twenty years has brought about
rampant corruption within the Chinese economic
and political system. - Bribes are common
- corruption is widely regarded as a major
problem.
35JIANG ZEMIN and ZHU RONGJI
36INTERESTS, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, AND PROTESTS
37Control Mechanisms of the Party
- Interest groups and social movements are not
permitted to influence the political process
unless they are under the party-state authority.
- Mass organizations formed around occupations or
social categories - All-China Federation of Trade Unions,
- All-China Women's Federation.
- Danwei
38Protest
- Difficult for the party-state to monitor
citizens. - Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989
- Major protests have been staged by religious
groups - Village protests
- Labor strikes
- Stability issues
39Political Institutions
- CCP CHINESE GOVERNMENT
PLA - PARALLEL HIERARCHY
- Three parallel hierarchies
- Principle of dual role
- PRC's structure
- China's policy making is governed more directly
by factions and personal relationships.
40Organization of the CCP
- Organized hierarchically by levels
- The party has a separate constitution from the
government's constitution of 1982, and its
central bodies are - National Party Congress
- Central Committee
- Politburo/Standing Committee
41Government
- Three branches - a legislature, an executive, and
a judiciary. - People's National Congress
- The National People's Congress choose the
President and Vice President of China, but there
is only one party-sponsored candidate for each
position - Executive/Bureaucracy
- The President and Vice President
- The Premier
- Bureaucracy
42Judiciary
- China has a 4-tiered "people's court" system
- People's Procuratorate"
- Criminal justice system campaigns.
- Human Rights organizations criticize China
43THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY
- "Political power grows out of the barrel of a
gun. - Mao -
- The People's Liberation Army encompasses all of
the country's ground, air, and naval armed
services. - Important influence on politics and policy.
- The second half of Mao's famous quote above is
less often quoted - "Our principle is that the party commands the
gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command
the party."
- This propaganda poster represents life in the
"Red Army" - the military under Mao before the
People's Republic of China was formed in 1949.
44Policies and Issues
- Economic reforms
- Demand political power and civil liberties?
- Will contact through trade mean that China will
become more like their trading partners?
45Economic Policy
- Agricultural Policies
- The People's Communes
- Household Responsibility System
- "PRIVATE BUSINESS
- Township and village enterprises (TVEs),
46International Trade
- Hong Kong
- Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
47Foreign Policy
- FOREIGN POLICY UNDER MAO
- US/CHINESE RELATIONS
- INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS TODAY
48Democracy and Conservatism in China
- FANG-SHOU
- Three types of actions/policies
- economic reform
- democratic movements (letting go)
- tightening-up by the CCP.
49Political Change Today
- Democratic reforms can be seen in these ways
- Some input from the National People's Congress is
accepted by the Politburo - More emphasis is placed on laws and legal
procedures - Village elections are now semi-competitive, with
choices of candidates and some freedom from the
party's control
50"A good leader should encouragedemocracy and
also be capable of taking resolute action at
criticalmoments." -CCP Chairman Hu Jintao
51Politics Today
- Hu was Chosen as General Secretary of the
Communist Party of China on November 15, 2002 - Became President of the People's Republic of
China on March 15, 2003, following his election
by the National People's Congress, thus replacing
his predecessor Jing Zemin. - He is the first party chief to have joined the
Communist Party after the Revolution over 50
years ago - Claims to have a photographic memory and tends to
have moderate views.
52Links for China Study
- http//teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/crawfor/apcg
/Unit4china.htm http//www.pds.org/sanderson/ch
inalinks.htm http//afe.easia.columbia.edu/ - http//www.aasd.k12.wi.us/Staff/salmcurtis/Salm/Ap
20comparative/China_files/china_notes.htm
http//athena.prs.k12.nj.us/users/ewood/china/in
dex.htm
53Terms to Know
- Cadre
- CCP
- Central Committee
- Cultural Revolution
- Democratic centralism
- Deng Xiaoping
- Fragmented authoritarianism
- Gang of Four
- Great Leap Forward
- Guomindang (GMD)
- Hong Kong
- Hundred Flowers campaign
- Jiang Zamin
- Long March
- Mao Zedong
- Maoism
- mass line
National Party Congress National Peoples
Congress Nationalist Party Nomenclatura
system One-child family policy PLA Politburo Rule
by law Socialist market economy State
council Taiwan Tiananment massacre Warlord Zhu
Rhongji
54Discussion Qs 1
- What is the future of China?
- Should US foreign policy be linked to human
rights, economic development, political
legitimacy and/or regional politics? - Discuss the relationship between the Communist
Party and the government of China.
55Discussion Qs 2
- What is the relationship between the Peoples
Liberation Army (PLA) and the people of China.
How was that relationship manifested in the
Tiananmen Square massacre? - Explain why Chinese leaders decided that economic
liberalization should precede political
liberalization,
56Discussion Qs 3
- From the Chinese perspective, how is the size of
a governing body related to its power? - What is political indoctrination? Propaganda?
Under what conditions do these efforts succeed or
fail?
57Discussion Qs 4
- What are the arguments for building the Three
Gorges Dam? Countervailing arguments? What
groups in China are against this effort and will
their voices be heard in the new China? - What would your life be like if you were a
university student in China?