Jefferson to War of 1812

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Jefferson to War of 1812
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TIMELINE
Blue Louisiana Purchase Black Judicial
Review Red Foreign Policies
1800
The Revolution of 1800
Napoleon induced Spain to cede Louisiana, 1800
Judiciary Act of 1801
1802 France withdrew the right of deposit at New
Orleans, (Pinckney Treaty of 1795)
Marbury vs Madison, 1803
Tripolitan War
Essex Junto, 1804
1801-1805
Impeachment of Samuel Chase,1804
Yazoo Land Controversy, 1804
Meriwether Lewis William Clark (1804-1806)
Zebulon M. Pike 1805-1807
Jefferson re-elected in 1804 (d. Charles
Pinckney 162 - 14)
Burr Conspiracy, 1806
Napoleonic WARS
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (June 21, 1807)
Embargo Act, 1807
1803-1807
Election of 1808
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
Election of 1808
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Judiciary Act of 1801
TIME LINE

• Federalists created 16 new judgeships and other
  judicial offices
• Law passed by the expiring Federalist Congress.
• Adams continued on his last day in office
• "midnight judges."
• Jeffersonians charged Federalists were packing
  judicial branch for life.
• Act repealed 1802.

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John Marshall

• Appointed as Chief Justice during last days of
  Adams' term
• Most important Chief Justice in U.S. history
• Served for about 34 years
• Made Federalist decisions long after Federalist
  party was dead.

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Marbury vs Madison, 1803
TIME LINE

• William Marbury sued for the delivery of his
  commission that was being held up by the new
  secretary of state Madison.
• Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold
  appointments
• Case was dismissed, thus avoiding a direct
  political showdown between the Supreme Court and
  the Executive branch.
• Judicial Review
• Marshall ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of
  1789 was unconstitutional by giving the Court the
  right to enforce appointments
• Marshall gave Supreme Court power to rule a law
  by Congress unconstitutional
• Contrasted with the Kentucky Resolutions where
  Jefferson had claimed states had that right (due
  to compact theory).
• Power of Supreme Court greatly enhanced

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Impeachment of Samuel Chase
TIME LINE

• Jefferson threatens the Supreme Court
• Jeffersonians outraged that judicial review
  buttressed Federalist Supreme Court.
• Jefferson supported the removal of Federalist
  justice Samuel Chase
• Early 1804, impeachment charges against Chase
  were voted by the House of Reps.
• Senate failed to convict Chase in early 1805
• No attempts to reshape the Court by impeachment
• Grounds for impeachment would be based on
  criminal charges, not political partisanship
• Reassured the independence of the judiciary and
  the separation of powers.

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Essex Junto
TIME LINE

• Burr had run for President in 1796 and 1800
  (became Jeffersons vice president in 1801)
• Essex Junto A small group of Federalist
  extremists plotted for New England's secession
• Highly sectional Federalist stronghold
• Threatened by Jefferson dominance the Louisiana
  Purchase.
• Plotters courted Hamilton to run for governor of
  NY in 1804 and then lead the secessionist
  movement.
• Plotters then courted Vice President Burr.
• Hamilton led opposition to Burrs NY
  gubernatorial campaign and Burr was defeated
• Hamilton then exposed the plot at a meeting of
  leading Federalists in Albany

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Burr Conspiracy and Yazoo Land Controversy, 1804
TIME LINE

• In 1806, Burr attempted to separate the western
  part of the U.S. from the eastern part
• After, unite it with Spanish territory west of
  the Louisiana Territory and perhaps in northern
  Mexico.
• Burr was initially supported by James Wilkinson,
  military governor of upper Louisiana, who later
  exposed the plot to Jefferson
• Burr arrested in 1806 in Natchez and tried next
  year at Richmond, VA.
• John Marshall dropped the case when two witnesses
  for gov't couldn't be found.
• Jefferson re-elected in 1804 (d. Charles Pinckney
  162 14)

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Napoleonic Wars
TIME LINE

• British controlled the seas but France controlled
  the European continent.
• British began seizing American ships
• Berlin Decree, 1806 
• American ships trading with Britain would be
  confiscated by France.
• Order in council" (Beginning in 1806 continued
  in 1807)
• Closed ports under French continental control to
  foreign shipping
• Neutrals (e.g. U.S.) might enter Napoleonic ports
  only if they first stopped in Britain.
• American ships that didnt stop at Britain prior
  to entering the Continent would be confiscated.
• Milan Decree, 1807 Napoleons retaliation to
  "order in council"
• Any neutral ship entering a British port, or
  submitting to a British warship at sea, would be
  confiscated by if it attempted to enter a
  Continental port.
• Many American shippers took chances by continuing
  trade gaining handsome profits.
• British Impressment (Impressment forcible
  enlistment of sailors)
• 6,000 Americans impressed from 1808-1811 Many
  died or were killed in service.

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Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
TIME LINE

• British commander of the royal frigate, H.M.S.
  Leopard, demanded surrender of four alleged
  deserters on the U.S.S. Chesapeake American
  captain refused.
• British fired at the Chesapeake 3 dead 18
  wounded Chesapeake limped back to port.
• Jefferson, nevertheless, used the incident to
  incite calls for U.S. action.
• Forbade British ships to dock at American ports.
• Ordered state governors to call up as much as
  100,000 militiamen.

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Election of 1808 impacted by the Embargo Act
issue

• Republican, James Madison, defeated Charles
  Pinckney
• Federalists made significant gains in Congress
  (although still in minority) and gained control
  of several state legislatures.

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THE WAR OF 1812

• MR. MADISONS WAR
• 1812 TO 1814

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THE WAR HAWKS WIN A DECLARATION OF WAR

• IT TAKE A MAJORITY VOTE OF BOTH HOUSES
• HOUSE OF REPS VOTES 79 TO 49 FOR WAR
• SENATE VOTE 19 TO 13
• NEW ENGLAND SOLIDLY OPPOSE WAR.
• Macon's Bill No. 2

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REASONS FOR WAR

• Battle of Tippecanoe
• STATED REASONS FREE TRADE AND SAILORS RIGHTS
• REAL REASON ON TO CANADA!
• VIEWED AS EASY. ONLY 500,000 CANADIANS. 6 MILLION
  AMERICANS
• BRITISH ARE BUSY WITH NAPOLEON

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BRITAIN REPEALS ORDERS IN COUNCIL

• MAIN STATED REASON IS REMOVED BEFORE DECLARATION
• NEW ENGLAND WILL LEND MONEY TO BRITAIN DURING THE
  WAR.
• GOVERNORS REFUSE TO ALLOW STATE MILITIAS TO LEAVE
  THEIR STATES.

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OUR WORST FOUGHT WAR

• NATION IS DIVIDED FROM THE START
• NO BURNING ANGER AGAINST BRITAIN
• MADISON HOPED WE WOULD RALLY AROUND THE FLAG.
• NEVER FIELDED AN ARMY LARGER THAN 7000 MEN

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WE ARE UNPREPARED

• EFFECTS OF THE EMBARGO JEFFERSONS DEFENSE
  POLICY.
• BANK OF UNITED STATES EXPIRED 1811, NO FINANCIAL
  BASE.
• ARMY IS ILL TRAINED AND SCATTERED
• MILITIA POORLY TRAIN LED.

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INVASION OF CANADA

• SHOULD HAVE FOCUSED ON MONTREAL, BUT LAUNCHED 3
  PRONGED INVASION.
• GEN. HULL ATTACKED FROM DETROIT, BUT QUICKLY
  SURRENDERED
• 2ND PRONG FAILED WHEN N.Y. MILITIA REFUSED TO
  CROSS THE NIAGARA RIVER.
• 3RD PRONG UP LAKE CHAMPLAIN FAILED WHEN MILITIA
  REFUSED TO CROSS BORDER.

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CANADIANS FOUGHT HARD

• LED BY GEN. BROCK
• COUNTER ATTACKED DROVE DEEP INTO NEW YORK.
• WAR TO TAKE CANADA BECAME WAR TO SAVE NEW YORK.

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TWO THEORY ABOUT THE CAUSES OF THE WAR

• 1. RESULTED FROM MARITIME GRIEVANCES AGAINST
  BRITAIN
• HISTORIAN HENRY ADAMS
• THEORY 2 WAR CAUSED BY AMERICAN GREED FOR LAND.
• HISTORIAN FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER

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ARGUMENTS

• IF IT WAS ABOUT SEAMANS RIGHT WHY DID NEW
  ENGLAND OPPOSE WAR?
• WHY DID THE WEST SOUTH STRONGLY SUPPORT THE WAR?

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WAR ON THE LAKES

• 1813OLIVER HAZARD PERRY WINS CONTROL OF LAKE ERIE
• WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY THEY ARE OURS!
• CUTS OFF BRITISH OUTPOST THEY WITHDRAW.

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BATTLE OF THE THAMES OCT. 1813

• WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON DEFEATS BRITISH INDIAN
  FORCE.
• MEANWHILE BACK IN EUROPE

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NAPOLEON IS DEFEATED 1814

• IMPRISONED ON ELBA
• BRITISH DIVERT TROOPS TO AMERICA.

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BRITISH LAUNCH NEW ATTACK ON NEW YORK

• VIA LAKE CHAMPLAIN
• AMERICAN COMMAND THOMAS MACDONOUGH LAST LINE OF
  DEFENSE
• DEFEATS BRITISH FLEET AT PLATTSBURG SEPT 11, 1814
  SAVES NEW YORK.

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BRITISH BURNING WASHINGTON D.C. 1814

• 4OOO BRITISH LANDED ON CHESAPEAKE BAY.
• 6000 U.S. DEFENDERS QUICKLY DEFEATED.
• MILITIA FLEES
• BRITISH SACK THE WHITE HOUSE AND THE CAPITOL IS
  BURNED

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DOLLY MADISON SAVES THE CONSTITUTION

• FLEES CAPITAL WITH RECORDS
• NEARLY CAPTURED.

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BRITISH ATTACK BALTIMORE

• BOMBARD FORT McHENRY
• FRANCIS SCOTT KEYES WITNESSES ATTACK
• WRITES THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER.
• FORT HOLDS BRITISH RETREAT.

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BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS 1814

• ANDREW JACKSON DEFEATS SOUTHERN INDIANS AT
  HORSESHOE BEND.
• CALLED TO DEFEND NEW ORLEANS.
• 7000 SAILORS, REGULAR SOLDIERS, PIRATES, MILITIA
  MEN, 400 BLACKS.

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BRITISH ATTACK

• HAVE 8000 BATTLE HARDENED SOLDIERS.
• ATTACK IN FORMATION.
• AMERICANS IN FORTIFIED POSITIONS
• 2000 BRITISH CAUSALITIES IN 30 MINUTES. ONLY 70
  AMERICANS KILLED.
• BRITISH WITHDRAW.

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VICTORY MAKES JACKSON A NATIONAL HERO.

• OLD HICKORY
• BATTLE WAS UNNECESSARY, TREATY OF GHENT SIGNED 2
  WEEKS EARLIER.
• NEWS OF VICTORY ARRIVES BEFORE NEWS OF THE TREATY.

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THE NAVAL WAR

• BRITAIN HAD 800 SHIP NAVY
• U.S. HAD 16 SHIPS
• MOST FAMOUS THE CONSTITUTION OLD IRON SIDES
• HENRY LAWRENCE DONT GIVE UP THE SHIP!
• PRIVATEERS MILITIA OF THE SEAS

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TREATY OF GHENT 1814

• TERMS END THE FIGHTING
• DECLARE A DRAW
• NO MENTION OF IMPRESSMENT
• BORDER DISPUTES SUBMITTED FOR ARBITRATION
• NOT ONE INCH OF TERRITORY CEDE OR LOST!

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HARTFORD CONVENTION

• MADISON RE-ELECTED
• NEW ENGLAND CALLS CONVENTION DEMAND
• REPARATIONS FOR NEW ENGLAND
• AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION REQUIRE 2/3RD VOTE
  FOR EMBARGO OR DECLARATION OF WAR
• SOME THREATEN SECESSION.

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BAD TIMING

• PRESENT DEMAND AS WORD OF NEW ORLEANS ARRIVES
• AND TREATY OF GHENT.
• FINAL BLOW TO FEDERALIST PARTY.

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