John Dalton

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Democritus
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Democritus Life

• Democritus was born about 460 BCE
• Democritus is said to have known Anaxagoras
• He was philosopher and a physicist master of all
  sciences and founder of the atomic physics.

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Atomic Theory

• He created an atomic theory that anticipated
  modern principles of matter and energy,
• He found that the Milky Way was a light from
  other stars, he didn't believe in the gods but he
  thought man was responsible for his own future.

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Atom

• He believed that atoms didnt have any parts like
  protons, neutrons he thought a atom was like a
  metal sphere.

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John Dalton
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f

• 1766-1844
• By Jarad Faudree

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The Atomic Theory
- In 1803, John Dalton consolidated the Atomic
Theory from several other scientists and put it
in his own words.
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4 points of the Atomic Theory

• All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are
  indivisible and indestructible.
• All atoms of a given element are identical in
  mass and properties.
• Compounds are formed by a combination of two or
  more different kinds of atoms.
• A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.

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http//www.iun.edu/cpanhd/C101webnotes/compositio
n/dalton.html
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The Aftermath

• In general, after John Daltons theory, several
  scientists discredited his idea that an atom was
  indestructible.
• Nuclear Fission a nuclear reaction in which a
  massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with
  the simultaneous release of energy resulted in
  the proof that you can split an atom.
• Isotopes vary in mass unlike what Dalton
  theorized.

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Michael Faraday
www.wikipedia.org
1791-1867

• Discovered electromagnetic induction,
  diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis

Jake Randall
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Faradays Laws of Electrolysis
Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis The mass of a
substance deposited or liberated at any electrode
is directly proportional to quantity of electric
current passed. If W grams of a substance is
deposited or liberated on passing Q Coulomb of
charge then W Q and W Z x Q where Z is the
proportionality constant and is called the
Electrochemical Equivalent Faraday's Second Law
of Electrolysis When the same amount of charge is
made to pass through any number of electrolytes,
the mass of the substance liberated or deposited
at the electrodes are directly proportional to
their chemical equivalents. Chemical equivalent
atomic mass / valence m1/m2 E1/E2 where m1
and m2 are the respective masses liberated or
deposited on the electrodes and E1 and E2 are the
chemical equivalents of the substances liberated
or deposited.
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Electrolysis
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Mendeleev and Soddy

• By
• Chelsie and Maria

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Early Life of Mendeleev

• He lived from 1834 and died in 1907
• he revolutionized and helped people better
  understand the properties of atoms and helped
  create the periodic table.
• he was the youngest of 14 children and was born
  in Siberia
• his mother got him into college by working in a
  glass factory

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Accomplishments

• 1859 Became the minister of public Instruction
  for a study abroad program.
• greatest accomplishments of the Periodic Law as
  well as the Periodic table
• Knew that the elements had a certain order
• one of the first scientists who depended on not
  only his own works but the works of others.

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William Crookes
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rookes.jpg

• 1832-1919

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vention/img/IM.1109_el.jpg
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The Crookes Tube

• The Crookes tube is an evacuated glass cone with
  3 node elements.
• During experiments with the tube, an invisible
  ray traveled through the empty spaces between the
  air molecules that were left in the tube.
• These invisible rays were called cathode rays.
• His tube proved that these rays were in fact tiny
  particles called electrons.
• Later Thompson used this tube to characterize the
  electron.

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How it Works

• Crookes Tube
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vXU8nMKkzbT8feature
  related

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Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen1845-1923

• Nobel Prize in Physics 1901
• Discovered the X-ray

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• Wilhelm was raised in Lennep Lower Province of
  Germany
• In 1865, he entered the University of Utrecht to
  study physics
• Then in 1875, he graduated as a student of
  mechanical engineering
• By 1874, Wilhelm was qualified as a lecturer at
  Strasbourg University
• Wilhelms work was published in 1870
• His name is associated with his accidental
  discovery called x-rays

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• Nov.8, 1895, Wilhelm discovered that if a
  discharged tube is enclosed in a sealed black
  carton that excludes light, a paper plate covered
  with barium platinocyanide, the rays become
  fluorescent
• Using his wifes hand, he saw the shadows of her
  bones and her wedding ring. This was the first
  rontgenogram ever recorded.
• Wilhelm died, four years after his wife, due to
  carcinoma in the intestine

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Bibliography

• http//nobelprize.org/nobel _prizes/physics/laurea
  tes/1901/rontgen-bio...

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Henri Becquerel
1852-1908
web.ubc.ca
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Work

• Becquerel showed that the rays emitted by uranium
  caused gases to ionize and that they differed
  from X-rays in that they could be deflected by
  electric or magnetic fields.
• Awarded half Nobel Prize
• Discovered Uranium has radiation

http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureat
es/1903/becquerel-bio.html
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Found out on Accident

• He found out Uranium had radiation because he put
  it on top of a piece of paper and film, the
  uraniums radiation went through the paper and
  affected the film.
• Did not get public attention, but it got
  scientists attention.
• Discovered in 1896.

chemistry.about.com
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JJ Thomson

• By Jacki McMurray

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• Credited for the discovery of the electron and
  of isotopes, and the invention of the mass
  spectrometer
• He was awarded the 1906 Nobel, Prize in Physics
  for the discovery of the electron and his work on
  the conduction of electricity in gases.
• Thomson conducted a series of experiments with
  cathode rays and cathode ray tubes leading him to
  the discovery of electrons and subatomic
  particles
• Thomson used the cathode ray tube in three
  different experiments.

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Mass Spectrometry the seperation of neon
isotopes by their mass Cathode Rays streams of
electrons observed in vacuum tubes Cathode Ray
Tube a vacuum tube containing a electron gun (a
source of electrons and a fluorescent
screen Thomson imagined the atom as being made
up of these corpuscles swarming in a sea of
positive charge this was his plum pudding model.
This model was later proved incorrect when Ernest
Rutherford showed that positive charge is
concentrated in the nucleus
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Other Accomplishes His Application of Dynamics to
Physics and Chemistry appeared in 1886, and in
1892 he had his Notes on Recent Researches in
Electricity and Magnetism published.
Co-operated with Professor J. H. Poynting in a
four-volume textbook of physics, Properties of
Matter and in 1895 he produced Elements of the
Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism,
the 5th edition of which appeared in 1921.
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Ernest Rurthford

• By. Elizabeth Morse

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• Born in 1871 in rural New Zeeland
• In 1898 he won the noble prize for chemistry.
• He was one of the first to show that radio
• Activity could consist of three distinct types of
  
• Radiation.
• Beta rays- negatively charged, and is deflected
  upward. High speed electrons.
• Alpha rays- Reflected downwards, positively
  charged. They are more massive. Helium Nuclei.
• Gamma- High energy photons like x-rays.

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• http//cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/media_po
  rtfolio/text_images/005_SEPARATION.MOV

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Brooke Styles
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Life of Marie Curie

• Born in 1867 in Warsaw
• Went to normal schools in Poland
• In 1891 went to school in Paris at Sorbonne, and
  took classes in physics and mathematical sciences
• Married Pierre Curie in 1895
• Received Doctor of science degree in 1903
• Became first women to become Professor of General
  Physics in the Faculty of Sciences in 1906
• Died in 1934 in France

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Accomplishments of Marie Curie

• Appointed director of Curie laboratory in Radium
  institute of University of Paris, founded in 1914
• She identified Polonium as an element
• Develop method to separate radium
• Promoted use of radium for medical purposes
• Used understanding of radium to help suffering in
  World War 1

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• Received 50,000 from President Hoover to purchase
  radium for use in laboratory in Warsaw
• Her work was recorded in many papers and
  scientific journals
• Won half noble prize in Physics in 1903
• Won noble prize in Chemistry in 1911
• Won Davy medal of the royal society in 1903 and
  1921
• President Harding gave her one gram of radium in
  her service to science

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Works Cited

• "Marie Curies Bibliography." http//nobelprize.org
  /index.html. 2008. 28 Sept.      2008
  lthttp//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laurea
  tes/1903/      marie-curie-bio.htmlgt.
• http//www.wiiw.ac.at/img/poland.gif
• http//periodictable.com/Samples/084.8/s9s.JPG

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Soddy

• Date of discovery-1913
• Discovered isotopes.
• Stated that elements can exist in two or more
  forms.
• Have different atomic weights but same number of
  protons.

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Isotopes- atoms( of a particular element) that
have the same number of protons, but a different
number of neutrons.
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Soddy
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• "Marie Curies Bibliography." http//nobelprize.org
  /index.html. 2008. 28 Sept.      2008
  lthttp//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laurea
  tes/1903/      marie-curie-bio.htmlgt.

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Robert A. Millikan

• Born- 22nd of March, 1868
• Died-19th of December, 1953
• The oil drop experiment was invented in 1909

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Millikans Experiment

• This device was invented to successfully measure
  the charge on the electron.
• E- 1.6 x 10 -19 coulombs

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Oil Drop Experimenthttp//chemistry.umec
he.maine.edu/amar/fall2004/Millikan.html
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Ernest Rutherford

• 1911
• The Gold and Foil Experiment
• By Kevin Cray

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The Gold/Foil Experiment

• This experiment involved the firing of
  radioactive particles through small thin foils
• He then detected them using screens coated with
  zinc sulfide
• Http//www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialche
  mistry/flash/ruther14.swf

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Experiment Results

• Rutherford found that most of the particles
  passed straight through the foil
• 1 in every 8000 were deflected
• His theory was that most of the atom was made up
  of empty space
• Rutherford concluded that the atom had a central
  nucleus

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Henry Moseley

• By Stephanie Tobin

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Henry Moseley

• Moseley was born on November 23rd, 1887
• Moseley discovered a way to use an x-ray spectra
  to place the elements on the periodic table by
  atomic number.
• Resulted in a more accurate
  placing of the elements

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/Henry_Moseley.jpg
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X-Ray Spectra
http//www.chemistry.co.nz/henry_moseley.htm

• Moseley used the wave lengths of the x-ray
  spectra lines of numbering elements
• This showed the ordering of elements was by
  atomic number
• Moseley proved that the elements were placed in
  order by atomic number not by the atomic weight
  as Medeleev and Meyers had originally thought

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Niels Bohr

• The opposite of a correct statement is a false
  statement. But the opposite of a profound truth
  may well be another profound truth.

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Niels Bohr

• Born October 7 1885 in Copenhagen.
• Received his masters degree in physics in 1909.
• Most famous for The Bohr Model atom structure.

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The Bohr Model

• Also known as the planetary model
• Protons and neutrons occupy inside the nucleus.
• The electrons orbit around the nucleus.

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g
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Bohrs model of Hydrogen
http//www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/Harrison/BohrMo
del/Flash/BohrModel.html
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James Chadwick

• 1891-1974
• Discovered the Neutron 1932

Chemcases.com/nuclear/nc-01
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Before 1932

• In the atom there is a proton which is surrounded
  by a electron. Makes it electrically neutral.
• the atom was mainly empty space with the mass
  concentrated in the nucleus.

Chemcases.com
cfo.doe.gov
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Discovery of the Neutron

• Was a fundamental discovery for nuclear science.
• Particles in nucleus of the atom had no electric
  charge.
• Because of this elements heavier then uranium can
  be made in the laboratory.

Wikipedia.com
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Animation

• http//yteach.co.uk/page.php/resources/view_all?id
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  omsearch