Toward Digital Media

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Toward Digital Media
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The Age of Writing
Every book is handwritten, with an individual
voice.
c3000BCE papyrus scrolls, clay tablets refer to
earlier ones? c1700BCE phonetic alphabets in
mideast c335BCE Aristotle surveys human
knowledge c300BCE Alexandria Library project
innovates xrefs and annotations c100 first
books in 'codex' form uppercase letterforms
established c700 lowercase letterforms
established c900 "1001 Arabian Nights" frames
stories within stories within stories 1140
Gratian's "Decretum" collates 3800 divergent
Catholic texts c1300 Kabbalists and Ramon Llull
explore text combinatoric
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The Age of Printing
The illusion of an objective voice.
1455 Gutenberg's Bible using moveable type
c1500 title pages, prefaces grow out of
publishers' colophons 1725 Vico's "New
Science" calls for universal thesaurus of
concepts 1746-55 Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of
English 1759 Sterne's "Tristram Shandy" makes
form the center of a novel 1768 Encyclopedia
Britannica surveys all knowledge
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The Age of Electricity
Exploring an infinitely impressionable medium.
1837 Morse Code digitizes alphabet 1839
Panizzi's cataloguing code for British Museum
1839 Invention of Photography, process for
multiple prints from paper negative 1852
Roget's Thesaurus digitizes word-meanings 1873
Dewey Decimal System digitizes topic-meanings
1888 Kodaks First Camera for the masses by
George Eastman 1890 Hollerith's punched-card
computer 1895 Cathode-ray tube (CRT) 1939
Joyce's "Finnegans Wake" uses puns to implement
diverging plotlines 1940 First electronic
computers in US, UK, and Germany 1941 Borges's
story "Garden of the Forking Paths" (tribute to
Joyce's FW?)
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The Era of Big Iron
Allowing coarse projections of human reason
1945 Vannevar Bush proposes Memex ENIAC
completed 1948 Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley
create first transistor 1954 Skinner's
behaviorism inspires 'programmed learning'
approach 1957 ARPA formed in response to
Sputnik 1960 "Spacewar" first videogame on
PDP-1 at MIT 1960 Donald Bitzer initiates PLATO
computer-based education project 1962 Nabokov's
"Pale Fire" disguises novel as footnotes to a
long poem 1963 Doug Engelbart's "A Conceptual
Framework" 1963 Quillian lays AI groundwork for
semantic nets 1963 ASCII 7-bit standard
digitizes alphabet first 'teletext' 1964
McLuhan's "Understanding Media" postulates global
village 1965 Ted Nelson coins the term
"hypertext" Englebart invents the mouse 1966
Cortazar's "Hopscotch" published-- multi-path
novel 1968 Englebart's "Augment/NLS" hypertext
sys Brown's HES (Nelson van Dam) 1968 Alan
Kay's "DynaBook" cardboard prototype First Laptop
Idea SCRIPT
Diagram, The Memex
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The Network Era
A radically new dimension in human communication.
1969 ARPANET Ritchie Thompson's UNIX
operating system 1969 FRESS developed at Brown
U 1969 Ernst, Newell Simon's General Problem
Solver 1971 Intel 4004 microprocessor 1972
Tomlinson invents email 1972 ZOG development
begins at Carnegie Mellon (distributed
hypertext) 1973 PLATO Notes early groupware
Waterloo Script? 1974 Ted Nelson's "Computer
Lib/Dream Machines" 1974 TCP proposed by Cerf
and Kahn 1974 Minsky reifies the 'frame' as
data structure for AI 1975 Atari released
PONG 1976 Don Woods adds fantasy to Wm
Crowther's '72 cave adventure -gt 1st IF 1976
TROFF? Michael Shrayer writes Electric Pencil
for Altair
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The Micro Era
Personal computing brings a burst of innovation.
1977 Apple personal computer 1977 UUCP
networked-copy program distributed with Unix
1978 First BBS created by Ward Christensen and
Randy Suess 1978 MIT's "Aspen Movie Map"
hypermedia videodisc 1979 Truscott Bellovin's
Usenet news Bartle Trubshaw first MUD ?1979
choose-your-own-adventure books 1979 WordStar
word processing software 1980 Infocom ports
Zork to the Apple 1981 Xerox debuts the Star,
with mouse and windows 1981/2/3 Development--
KMS (Knowledge Sys.)/ Guide (U Kent)/ TIES (U
Md) 1981 Nelson's "Literary Machines"- Xanadu,
centralized hypertext archive 1981 French
Telecom pioneers nationwide Minitel network
1982 Netnews distributes 500 msgs/day to 100
sites in lt100 newsgroups 1983 TCP/IP replaces
NCP, defines "Internet" 1983 Randall Trigg's
PhD on hypertext "TEXTNET" at U of Maryland
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The WYSIWYG Era
Conflicting standards for aesthetic computation.
1984 Apple Macintosh bundled w/WYSIWYG word
processor MacWrite 1984 Gibson coins
'cyberspace' in "Neuromancer" 1984 Knuth's
"Literate Programming", TeX 1984 Guide
implemented commercially by Office Workstations
1984/5/6 Devel-- NoteCards (Xerox)/ Intermedia
(BrownU)/ Writing Env. (UNC) 1984 Doug Lenat
begins Cyc project at MCC (common sense -gt
logic) 1984 DNS Domain Name Server, Internet
hosts break 1000 1985 Adobe Postscript
CD-ROMs Windows 1.0 Windows Help? 1985 The
WELL offers Silicon Valley a community BBS 1985
Janet Walker creates Symbolics "Document
Examiner" 1986 Goldfarb's SGML standard
adopted 1986 NSFnet backbone opens Internet
access to all NNTP speeds netnews
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The Hypertext Era
Personal hypertext generates excitement.
1987 Apple bundles HyperCard with every
Macintosh 1987 Hypertext '87 Workshop held in
North Carolina 1987 Conklin's "Hypertext An
Introduction and Survey" 1987 Internet hosts
break 10,000 1000 news msgs/day in 300 groups
1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposes WorldWide Web
1989 100,000 Internet hosts ?4,000 news
msgs/day in ?500 newsgroups 1989 Autodesk funds
Xanadu project development (dropped 1992) 1989
IBM's LinkWay IRIS Intermedia 3.0 released
commercially 1989 Schneiderman Kearsley's
"Hypertext Hands-On" Joyce's "Afternoon" 1990
ECHT (European Conference on Hypertext) 1990
HTML Deutsch, Emtage, Heelan's Archie Lotus
Notes? 1991 Sony's Data Discman Franklin's
Electronic Bible 1991 Lindner McCahill's
Gopher Kahle's WAIS
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The WWWeb Era
Global hypertext.
1992 CERN ?releases WWWeb http? 1992
1,000,000 Internet hosts 10,000 news msgs/day in
?1000 newsgroups 1992 Ed Krol's "Whole Internet
Guide" is a bestseller 1992 alt.hypertext
newsgroup created 1993 Int'l Wrkshp on
Hypermedia Hypertext Standards, Amsterdam
(April) 1993 NCSA Mosaic 1.0 for X Windows
(June) 1993 WWW dvlprs conf, Cambridge MA
(August) Hypertext Conf, Seattle (Nov) 1993 "A
Hard Day's Night" CD-ROM from Voyager US White
House on WWWeb 1993 "Myst" by Robyn and Rand
Miller, "Doom" by ID released 1994 WWWeb
byte-traffic passes Gopher byte-traffic on NSFnet
(March) 1994 Confs Geneva, Intl WWW Vancvr,
Ed Multimed Edinbrgh, Hypermed Tech 1994 Clark
Andreessen form Mosaic (-gt Netscape), release
1st beta
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