ENERGY

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ENERGY
RENR 375

• Prakash KHEDUN
• Dr Ronald KAISER

PART 1
The black background is to conserve energy.
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ENERGY

• Renewable energy
• Solar
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Biomass
• Hydro
• Ocean
• Nonrenewable energy
• Oil
• Natural gas
• Coal
• Nuclear

http//ocw.mit.edu
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TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES

• 99 of energy that heats the earth comes from the
  sun
• 1 comes mostly from burning fossil fuel
• Solar capital
• Without the energy from the sun the earths
  temperature would be -240oC (-400oF)
• Indirect form of energy from the sun
• Wind, hydropower, biomass

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NET ENERGY

• The energy that really counts
• Amount of high-quality usable energy available
  from a resource after subtracting the energy
  needed to make it available for use
• Law of conservation of energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be
  transformed from one source to another
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Some of the high-quality energy used in each step
  is wasted or degraded to lower-quality energy

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NET ENERGY

• It takes Energy to get energy
• Oil must be found, pumped from beneath the
  ground, transferred to a refinery, and converted
  into useful fuel
• Each step require high quality energy
• Net energy total amount of energy energy used
  up in the process

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COMMERCIAL ENERGY USE BY SOURCE
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ENERGY USE
PLAY ANIMATION
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OIL

• Crude oil is a thick liquid containing
  hydrocarbons
• Underground deposits
• Contains hundreds of hydrocarbons
• Sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities
• Gasoline, heating oil, and asphalt
• Natural gas normally found long with crude oil
• Formed from the decaying remains of organisms
  living 100-500 million years ago

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OIL

• 35-50 of oil is extracted from a deposit
• Remaining heavy crude oil is too hard or
  expensive to recover
• Depends on oils prices
• Higher the price the more economical it becomes
  to remove 10-25 of the remaining oil
• Flushing by steam or water
• Lowers net energy yield
• Improved drilling technology
• Microorganisms that can increase oil recovery by
  making heavy oil flow more freely

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OIL

• Based on boiling points, components are removed
  at various layers in a giant distillation column
• The most volatile components with the lowest
  boiling points are removed at the top

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NATURAL GAS

• Mixture of gases
• 50-90 methane (CH4)
• Conventional natural gas lies above most
  reservoirs of crude oil
• Natural gas pipeline has to be built to be able
  to use deposits
• Natural gas found above oil reservoirs in
  deep-sea and remote area is burned off
• Waste of energy
• Release of CO2 in atmosphere

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COAL

• Solid fossil fuel
• Formed in several stages
• Buried remains of plants that lived 300-400
  million years ago
• Subjected to intense heat and pressure over
  millions of years

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COAL

• Coal is mostly carbon
• Contain small amount of sulfur
• Released as sulfur dioxide upon combustion
• Release of toxic mercury and radioactive
  materials
• Coal generates 62 of worlds electricity
• Used in making ¾ of worlds steel
• United States
• Produces 50 of electricity
• Nuclear power (20), natural gas (17), renewable
  energy (10), and oil (3)
• Expected to dominate US electricity production
  for several decades

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COAL BURNING POWER PLANT
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NUCLEAR ENERGY

• When isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo
  controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat
  produces steam that spins turbines to generate
  electricity
• The uranium oxide consists of about 97
  non-fissionable uranium-238 and 3 fissionable
  uranium-235
• The concentration of uranium-235 is increased
  through an enrichment process

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
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NUCLEAR ENERGY

• After three or four years in a reactor, spent
  fuel rods are removed and stored in a deep pool
  of water contained in a steel-lined concrete
  container
• After spent fuel rods are cooled considerably,
  they are sometimes moved to dry-storage
  containers made of steel or concrete

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Renewable energy revolution
• Sustainable energy
• Green energy
• Bio-energy
• Biofuels
• Energy conservation

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ENERGY CONSERVATION

• Energy conservation
• Reducing or eliminating unnecessary waste of
  energy
• 84 of commercial energy is wasted
• 41 is wasted automatically (second law of
  thermodynamics)
• 43 wasted unnecessarily
• Inefficient motors vehicles, power plants,
  furnaces, industrial motors, and other devices
• Leaky, poorly insulated buildings

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Energy efficiency of the US improved since oil
  price shock of early 1980s
• Energy waste in the US
• 300 billion per year
• 570,000 per minute
• Energy waste in the World
• 1 trillion per year
• Most developing countries are 3 times less
  efficient than the US
• Japan, Germany, and France are 2 to 3 times more
  efficient than the US

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Reducing energy waste is the quickest, cheapest,
  and cleanest way to provide more energy
• It reduces pollution and environmental
  degradation
• Incandescent bulb 5 of electricity drawn is
  converted into light and 95 into heat
• Internal combustion engine 94 of energy wasted
  in fuel
• Nuclear power plant 86 of nuclear fuel energy
  wasted (92 if dealing with radioactive waste
  included)
• Coal burning plant 2/3 of energy wasted as heat

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Electricity from nuclear power plant

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IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Producing heat and electricity from one source
  and using more efficient electric motors and
  lighting
• Industry
• 42 of US energy consumption
• Production of metals (26), chemicals (19),
  petroleum and coal (14), and paper (8)
• Cogeneration, combined heat and power (CHP)
• Steam used for electricity used as source of heat
  for the plant or nearby buildings
• Energy efficiency is around 80

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IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Transportation ¼ of US energy consumption
• Average fuel efficiency rose sharply between
  1973 and 1985
• Between 1988 and 2006 average fuel efficiency
  decreased by 6
• No increase in Corporate Average Fuel Economy
  (CAFE) standards
• Gas-guzzling SUVs do not meet mileage standards
  as that of cars
• Poll in 2002
• 62 of Americans believed that average gas
  mileage of vehicle is going down
• Only 17 realized it is going up

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IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Saving energy in transportation
• Increase fuel efficiency
• Making vehicles with lighter and stronger
  materials
• Fuel efficient vehicles
• Toyota Prius hybrid-electric car
• Twice the gas mileage than the average new car
  sold in the US
• Represents only 1 of all new car sales

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IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Cost of gasoline is relatively low
• Hidden costs may be included as taxes
• Government subsidies
• Tax breaks for oil companies and road builders
• Pollution control and cleanup
• Military protection of oil supplies in the Middle
  East
• Increased medical bills and insurance premium
• Time wasted in traffic jams
• Increased death from air and water pollution
• Hidden cost being passed to consumers, future
  generations, and the environment

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IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Another reason for low fuel efficiency
• Over ½ of US consumers drive SUVs, pickup tucks
  and other large vehicles
• In 1990 it was only 5
• Not enough tax breaks, rebates, and low
  interests, long term loans to encourage more
  fuel-efficient vehicles
• Tax deduction of 25,000 on a 50,000 Hummer
• Tax deduction of 3,100 on 22,000 hybrid

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ENERGY SAVING IN BUILDINGS

• We can save energy in building by getting heat
  from the sun, superinsulating them, and using
  plant covered green roofs
• We can save energy in existing buildings by
  insulating them, plugging leaks, and using
  energy-efficient heating and cooling systems,
  appliances, and lighting

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ENERGY SAVING IN BUILDINGS

• Strawbale House
• Strawbale is a superinsulator that is made from
  bales of low-cost straw covered with plaster or
  adobe. Depending on the thickness of the bales,
  its strength exceeds standard construction

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ENERGY SAVING IN BUILDINGS

• Insulate and plug leaks
• Use energy-efficient windows
• Stop heating and cooling losses
• Heat houses more efficiently
• Heat water more efficiently tankless instant
  water heater
• Use energy-efficient appliances
• Use energy-efficient lighting

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SOLAR ENERGY

• We can heat buildings by orienting them toward
  the sun or by pumping a liquid such as water
  through rooftop collectors

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SOLAR ENERGY

• Passive solar heating system
• Absorbs and store heat from the sun directly
  within structure
• No needs for pumps or fans o distribute the heat
• Active solar heating system
• Absorbs energy from the sun by pumping a
  heat-absorbing fluid (e.g. water) through
  collectors usually mounted on rooftop

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SOLAR ENEGY
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SOLAR ENERGY

• Solar thermal systems
• Collect and transform energy from the sun into
  high-temperature thermal energy (heat)
• Used directly or converted to electricity
• Used in desert areas ample sunlight

http//www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/images/So
larTowerMojaveDesert.jpg
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SOLAR ENERGY

• Photovoltaic (PV) cells

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SOLAR ENERGY

• Solar cells can be used in rural villages with
  ample sunlight who are not connected to an
  electrical grid

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SOLAR ENERGY
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ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE

• Hydropower
• Dams to control flow
• Water flows through pipe at controlled rates
• Spins turbines producing electricity
• Leading renewable energy source
• Second cheapest when including operating and
  environmental costs
• There is little room for expansion in the U.S.
  Dams and reservoirs have been created on 98 of
  suitable rivers

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ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE
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ELECTRICITY FROM THE WATER CYCLE

• Ocean tides and waves and temperature differences
  between surface and bottom waters in tropical
  waters are not expected to provide much of the
  worlds electrical needs
• Only two large tidal energy dams are currently
  operating one in La Rance, France and Nova
  Scotias bay of Fundy where the tidal amplitude
  can be as high as 16 meters (63 feet)

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ELECTRICITY FROM WIND

• Wind power is the worlds most promising energy
  resource because it is abundant, inexhaustible,
  widely distributed, cheap, clean, and emits no
  greenhouse gases
• Much of the worlds potential for wind power
  remains untapped
• Capturing only 20 of the wind energy at the
  worlds best energy sites could meet all the
  worlds energy demands

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ELECTRICITY FROM WIND

• Wind turbines can be used individually to produce
  electricity
• Also used interconnected in arrays on wind farms

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ELECTRICITY FROM WIND

• The United States once led the wind power
  industry, but Europe now leads this rapidly
  growing business
• The U.S. government lacked subsidies, tax breaks
  and other financial incentives
• European companies manufacture 80 of the wind
  turbines sold in the global market
• The success has been aided by strong government
  subsidies

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WIND
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ENERGY FROM BIOMASS

• Plant materials and animal wastes can be burned
  to provide heat or electricity or converted into
  gaseous or liquid biofuels

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ENERGY FROM BIOMASS

• The scarcity of fuelwood causes people to make
  fuel briquettes from cow dung in India
• This deprives soil of plant nutrients

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ENERGY FROM BIOMASS

• Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably
• Moderate to high environmental impact
• CO2 emissions if harvested and burned
  unsustainably
• Low photosynthetic efficiency
• Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of
  wildlife habitat
• Plantations could compete with cropland
• Often burned in inefficient and polluting open
  fires and stoves

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LIQUID BIOFUELS

• Motor vehicles can run on ethanol, biodiesel, and
  methanol produced from plants and plant wastes
• The major advantages of biofuels are
• Crops used for production can be grown almost
  anywhere
• There is no net increase in CO2 emissions
• Widely available and easy to store and transport

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LIQUID BIOFUELS

• Crops such as sugarcane, corn, and switchgrass
  and agricultural, forestry and municipal wastes
  can be converted to ethanol
• Switchgrass can remove CO2 from the troposphere
  and store it in the soil

http//www.panoramio.com/photo/2106863 http//ally
rose.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/switchgrasscrop.j
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