Illinois Institute of Technology TPTC

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Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
DepartmentIllinois Institute of
TechnologyInfluence of Alloy Content on
Physical Properties of 410 Stainless Steel Hot
Ductility Test using Gleeble Physical
SimulationMetallurgical and Materials
EngineeringR.P. FoleySteve Talbot
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Background

• Objective
• Determine effect of two sulfur contents on 410
  Stainless Steel.
• Strategy
• Hot Ductility tensile fracture tests with Gleeble
  3500
• Data analysis
• Key Parameters of Hot Tensile Test
• Maximum Force (tensile), kgf
• Fracture Temperature (1500 2200), oF
• Stroke ( D length of sample), inches
• Tensile Samples
• As received and turned in IIT machine shop
• 123 samples tested

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Background
1 11/16 Typ
40
7 5/8
B
A, B, 1A, 1B
Extra
2A, 2B
(left at Scot Forge)
A
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12
16
3/8 Typ
4 1/2
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Background

• Batch 1 Higher sulfur content, more data with 2A
  and 2B
• Batch 2 Lower sulfur content, baseline chemistry

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Gleeble 3500

• The Gleeble 3500 is a fully integrated digital
  closed loop control thermal and mechanical
  testing system.
• Heating rate, 10,000C/second.
• hydraulic servo system, up to 10 tons of tension
  or compression.
• Stroke displacement rates as fast as
  1000mm/second.
• LVDT transducers and load cells provide feedback
  to insure accurate execution and repeatability.
• Controls and records stroke displacement, applied
  force, measured temperature, applied temperature,
  and other key engineering parameters.

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Gleeble 3500

• QuikSim Software allows programming of waveforms
  with speadsheet efficiency for both thermal and
  mechanical physical simulations.
• Gleeble Script Language augments QuikSim with
  manual programming of complicated simulations.
• Origin, data analysis software package, stores
  the test data or transfers the data into an MS
  Excel file.

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Test Setup and Run

• Measure nominal diameter.
• Attach thermocouple wires.
• Match relative to absolute Force gages.
• Load the sample into Gleeble 3500.
• Zero relative Stroke gage.
• Run GSL script.
• Monitor test progress.
• Examine sample fracture.
• Measure fracture diameter.
• Store sample for future examination.

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Trial Run of Sample

• Initialize test parameters
• Vacuum the test chamber (40 mmHG)
• Apply nitrogen gas environment (5 mmHG)
• Use G.S.L.s Force Control to ensure
• zero force on sample throughout heating
  stages.
• Ramp to Soak Temperature,
• (2200 oF at 50 oF/s in 22 s).
• Hold at Soak Temperature,
• (2200 oF for 600 s).
• Ramp to Fracture Temperature,
• (1500 oF 2200 oF at 50 oF/s).
• Use G.S.L.s Stroke Control 2 in/s fracture
  rate
• Cool sample unassisted.
• Vent the test chamber of nitrogen gas.

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Trial Run of Sample
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Profile of Material
Soak 600s at 2200 F
Casting and Hot Forging at Scot Forge
Cool to Fracture Temp, 50 F/s
15 samples, 50 F intervals, 1500 F 2200 F
Fracture Temp Range
Heat 50 F/s
2 in/s fracture rate
Arrives at IIT
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Ductility
Temperature
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Test Results

• R.A. Standard Measure of Hot Ductility
• Linear increase in R.A. with Fracture
  Temperature
• (40 Batch 1, 55 Batch 2 to 90 Both
  Batches)
• Data spread scattered.
• Maximum Force
• Linear decrease in Maximum Force with Fracture
  Temperature.
• (650 to 250 Kgf)
• 1B Mid Radius Force Control source of
  experimental error

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Test Results

• Max-Force Stroke
• Stroke constant at maximum force for all samples
  over
• Fracture Temperature range, beyond which
  necking occurs.
• (0.23 inches).
• Baseline ?less? ductile at both 1500 oF and 2200
  oF.
• Data spread scattered as R.A.
• Fracture Stroke
• Linear increase in Stroke at fracture with
  Fracture Temperature.
• ( 0.26 to 0.42 inches).
• Sudden drop in baseline Hot Ductility at 2050 oF.
• Baseline ?less? ductile at 1500 oF but more
  ductile at 2200 oF.
• Corresponds well with R.A. with less variability
  in data.

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Test Results

• Fracture Center Diameter
• A smaller fracture diameter is more ductile.
• Diameter constant below 1700 oF.
• Linear increase in Diameter with Fracture
  Temperature.
• (0.16 Batch 1, 0.18 Batch 2 at 1500 oF to
• 0.07 Batch 1, 0.10 Batch 2 at 2200 oF)
• Sudden rise in Fracture diameter at 2050 oF
  corresponds to
• dip of Fracture Stroke at 2050 oF.
• Data spread less variable than R.A.

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Conclusions

• Additional sulfur in batch 1 decreases Hot
  Ductility
• R.A. below 2000 oF.
• Fracture Stroke Fracture Center Diameter below
  1700 oF.
• Hot Ductility lessened due to ability of sulfur
  to impede dislocation motion in the form of
  interstitial substitution in crystal lattice.
• Data for Batch 1 has less variability and more
  linearity
• Gleeble measurements of Hot Ductility (Max-Force
  Stroke, Fracture Stroke) can be used
  qualitatively in association with R.A., and
  match in variability of results.
• Maximum Force linear decrease Max-Force Stroke
  constant.
• Reinforces elastic linearity of force vs
  displacement test

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Further Developments

• Examination of fracture techniques.
• X-Ray Fractography
• S.E.M.
• Determination of fracture initiation and fracture
  mechanism.
• Sulfur content influence.
• Temperature relationship.

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End
Thank You