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Negative Contact

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Associating members of certain groups with certain ... Information that confirms beliefs is ... Information confirming beliefs is easy to recall? Reduce ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Negative Contact


1
Overview of Lecture
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
2
What are stereotypes
  • Associating members of certain groups with
    certain characteristics
  • E.g., Perceived to be alike have similar
    (negative) traits

3
Stereotypes
Causes of
How to reduce them
4
Why Stereotypes Form
  • Negative historical relations between groups
  • Inequalities in societal roles
  • Socialization experiences
  • Media portrayals

Stereotypes
5
Why Stereotypes Form
  • Negative historical relations between groups
  • e.g., slavery, indentured labor
  • Inequalities in societal roles
  • e.g., more women in low-paying jobs, earning less

Stereotypes
6
Why Stereotypes Form
  • Socialization experiences
  • e.g., parents, teachers, peers
  • Media portrayals
  • E.g., African Canadians as gangsta rappers,
    Caribbean Canadians as ganja smokers

Stereotypes
7
Why Stereotypes Form
  • Negative historical relations between groups
  • Inequalities in societal roles
  • Socialization experiences
  • Media portrayals

Stereotypes
Causes similar to explaining negative contact
8
Why Stereotypes Persist
  1. Activated automatically
  2. Reinforced via social norms
  3. Information that confirms beliefs is easily
    recalled
  4. Trait-based explanations for behavior
  5. Sub-grouping exceptions
  6. Create expectations for interaction
  7. Enable in-group members to feel different from
    out-group members

9
Why Stereotypes Persist
  • Activated automatically
  • E.g., from observable characteristics
  • Reinforced via social norms
  • E.g., it is ok to derogate gays nowadays

Stereotypes
10
Why Stereotypes Persist
  • Information that confirms beliefs is easily
    recalled
  • E.g., times you saw women driving badly vs. times
    you saw women driving well

Stereotypes
11
Why Stereotypes Persist
  • Provide trait-based reasons to explain why people
    behave the way they do
  • E.g., Women get into more accidents because they
    are bad drivers
  • Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group
  • E.g., successful Black

Stereotypes
12
Why Stereotypes Persist
  • Create expectations for interaction
  • E.g., Blacks are violent, so this Black man is
    going to be hostile so I better be prepared

Stereotypes
13
Why Stereotypes Persist
  • Enable in-group members to feel different from
    out-group members
  • E.g., Women are bad drivers, Men are good
    drivers, so they are different

Stereotypes
14
Stereotypes
Causes of
How to reduce them
15
How to reduce Stereotypes
  • 1. Stereotypes activated automatically?
  • Counter automatic activation of stereotypes with
    guilt (self regulation)
  • Replace/modify negative associations with
    positive experiences information

Reduce Stereotypes
16
How to reduce Stereotypes
  • 2. Reinforced via social norms?
  • Change old social norms with new ones
  • Change motivation to comply w/norms

Reduce Stereotypes
17
  1. Information confirming beliefs is easy to recall?
  • Counter recall tendencies with other needs
  • Make in-group dependent on out-group
  • e.g., learning to distinguish Chinese editors
    from each other bec. of supervisory relationship
  • Create need in in-group members for out-group
    members to like them
  • e.g., business case for selling products/services
    to women

Reduce Stereotypes
18
  1. Trait-based explanations for behavior?
  • Change explanations
  • Increase focus on situation
  • E.g., Why are more Blacks in the criminal system?
  • Different out-group members display
    non-stereotypical traits in different settings
  • Teach statistics
  • Representativeness of sample outgroup member

Reduce Stereotypes
19
  1. Trait-based explanations for behavior?
  • Change explanations
  • Reduce tendency to blame negative outcomes to
    out-group members by thinking about out-group in
    complex ways
  • E.g., teach about collectivism, power-distance

Reduce Stereotypes
20
  1. Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group?
  • Increase knowledge of many individual out-group
    members to prevent sub-group creation
  • Differentiate out-group members from each other
  • E.g., cultural circles exercise enabled
    differentiation by providing contact with
    different members of the same ethnic group

Reduce Stereotypes
21
  1. Have expectations for interaction?
  • Counteract expectations
  • Out-group members behave in non-stereotypical
    ways that disconfirm stereotypes
  • e.g., Womens driving records
  • Out-group members confident they do not have the
    expected trait
  • e.g., Women is confident of her driving skills

Reduce Stereotypes
22
  1. Stereotypes enabling in-group to feel different
    from out-group?
  • Change ability of stereotypes to maintain
    differences
  • Create Super-ordinate Groups
  • Tendency to view out-group members as alike and
    negative is no longer functional
  • Emphasize Multiple Identities
  • Emphasize those categories which unite groups

Reduce Stereotypes
23
Notice inter-relationships
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
24
Prejudice
Negative Feelings
Negative Thoughts
Negative Associations
Stereotypes
Positive Associations
25
  • Recalling stereotype inconsistent information
  • Create Super-ordinate groups
  • Emphasize Multiple Identities
  • Changing explanations

Prejudice
Negative Feelings
Negative Thoughts
Negative Associations
Positive Associations
Stereotypes
26
Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Training
  • Self-insights into own biases ?increased
    motivation to regulate discriminatory behavior
  • Provide experience or information that
    contradicts stereotypes

27
Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Training
  • Change knowledge of and understanding about
    different groups
  • Provide historical information about groups
  • Info on group differences in values, behaviors,
    norms, beliefs

28
Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Difficultie
s with Training
  • Adult attitudes hard to modify bec
  • Lifelong exposure and experience with mass
    medias stereotypes
  • May react with defensiveness and avoidance to
    info that creates change
  • May feel they are being attacked or blamed during
    training

29
Causes of
How to reduce them
Counter activation or replace w/positive
associations Change social norms Counter recall
tendencies with interdependence Change
explanations with a more complex
understanding Increase knowledge of more varied
members Members act in counter stereotypical
ways Change ability for stereotypes to enable
feeling of difference
  • Activated automatically
  • Reinforced via social norms
  • Information that confirms beliefs is easily
    recalled
  • Trait-based explanations for behavior
  • Sub-grouping exceptions
  • Provide expectations for interaction
  • Enable in-group members to feel different from
    out-group members
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