Title: Negative Contact
1Overview of Lecture
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
2What are stereotypes
- Associating members of certain groups with
certain characteristics - E.g., Perceived to be alike have similar
(negative) traits
3Stereotypes
Causes of
How to reduce them
4Why Stereotypes Form
- Negative historical relations between groups
- Inequalities in societal roles
- Socialization experiences
-
- Media portrayals
Stereotypes
5Why Stereotypes Form
- Negative historical relations between groups
- e.g., slavery, indentured labor
- Inequalities in societal roles
- e.g., more women in low-paying jobs, earning less
Stereotypes
6Why Stereotypes Form
- Socialization experiences
- e.g., parents, teachers, peers
- Media portrayals
- E.g., African Canadians as gangsta rappers,
Caribbean Canadians as ganja smokers
Stereotypes
7Why Stereotypes Form
- Negative historical relations between groups
- Inequalities in societal roles
- Socialization experiences
-
- Media portrayals
Stereotypes
Causes similar to explaining negative contact
8Why Stereotypes Persist
- Activated automatically
- Reinforced via social norms
- Information that confirms beliefs is easily
recalled - Trait-based explanations for behavior
- Sub-grouping exceptions
- Create expectations for interaction
- Enable in-group members to feel different from
out-group members
9Why Stereotypes Persist
- Activated automatically
- E.g., from observable characteristics
- Reinforced via social norms
- E.g., it is ok to derogate gays nowadays
Stereotypes
10Why Stereotypes Persist
- Information that confirms beliefs is easily
recalled - E.g., times you saw women driving badly vs. times
you saw women driving well
Stereotypes
11Why Stereotypes Persist
- Provide trait-based reasons to explain why people
behave the way they do - E.g., Women get into more accidents because they
are bad drivers - Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group
- E.g., successful Black
Stereotypes
12Why Stereotypes Persist
- Create expectations for interaction
- E.g., Blacks are violent, so this Black man is
going to be hostile so I better be prepared
Stereotypes
13Why Stereotypes Persist
- Enable in-group members to feel different from
out-group members - E.g., Women are bad drivers, Men are good
drivers, so they are different
Stereotypes
14Stereotypes
Causes of
How to reduce them
15How to reduce Stereotypes
- 1. Stereotypes activated automatically?
- Counter automatic activation of stereotypes with
guilt (self regulation) - Replace/modify negative associations with
positive experiences information
Reduce Stereotypes
16How to reduce Stereotypes
- 2. Reinforced via social norms?
- Change old social norms with new ones
- Change motivation to comply w/norms
Reduce Stereotypes
17- Information confirming beliefs is easy to recall?
- Counter recall tendencies with other needs
- Make in-group dependent on out-group
- e.g., learning to distinguish Chinese editors
from each other bec. of supervisory relationship - Create need in in-group members for out-group
members to like them - e.g., business case for selling products/services
to women
Reduce Stereotypes
18- Trait-based explanations for behavior?
- Change explanations
- Increase focus on situation
- E.g., Why are more Blacks in the criminal system?
- Different out-group members display
non-stereotypical traits in different settings - Teach statistics
- Representativeness of sample outgroup member
Reduce Stereotypes
19- Trait-based explanations for behavior?
- Change explanations
- Reduce tendency to blame negative outcomes to
out-group members by thinking about out-group in
complex ways - E.g., teach about collectivism, power-distance
Reduce Stereotypes
20- Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group?
- Increase knowledge of many individual out-group
members to prevent sub-group creation - Differentiate out-group members from each other
- E.g., cultural circles exercise enabled
differentiation by providing contact with
different members of the same ethnic group
Reduce Stereotypes
21- Have expectations for interaction?
- Counteract expectations
- Out-group members behave in non-stereotypical
ways that disconfirm stereotypes - e.g., Womens driving records
- Out-group members confident they do not have the
expected trait - e.g., Women is confident of her driving skills
Reduce Stereotypes
22- Stereotypes enabling in-group to feel different
from out-group?
- Change ability of stereotypes to maintain
differences - Create Super-ordinate Groups
- Tendency to view out-group members as alike and
negative is no longer functional - Emphasize Multiple Identities
- Emphasize those categories which unite groups
Reduce Stereotypes
23Notice inter-relationships
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes
24Prejudice
Negative Feelings
Negative Thoughts
Negative Associations
Stereotypes
Positive Associations
25- Recalling stereotype inconsistent information
- Create Super-ordinate groups
- Emphasize Multiple Identities
- Changing explanations
Prejudice
Negative Feelings
Negative Thoughts
Negative Associations
Positive Associations
Stereotypes
26Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Training
- Self-insights into own biases ?increased
motivation to regulate discriminatory behavior - Provide experience or information that
contradicts stereotypes
27Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Training
- Change knowledge of and understanding about
different groups - Provide historical information about groups
- Info on group differences in values, behaviors,
norms, beliefs
28Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Difficultie
s with Training
- Adult attitudes hard to modify bec
- Lifelong exposure and experience with mass
medias stereotypes - May react with defensiveness and avoidance to
info that creates change - May feel they are being attacked or blamed during
training
29Causes of
How to reduce them
Counter activation or replace w/positive
associations Change social norms Counter recall
tendencies with interdependence Change
explanations with a more complex
understanding Increase knowledge of more varied
members Members act in counter stereotypical
ways Change ability for stereotypes to enable
feeling of difference
- Activated automatically
- Reinforced via social norms
- Information that confirms beliefs is easily
recalled - Trait-based explanations for behavior
- Sub-grouping exceptions
- Provide expectations for interaction
- Enable in-group members to feel different from
out-group members