Unit Ten

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• Unit Ten
• The End of the Light Bulb

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I. Lead In
II. Read In
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III. Summary
IV. Exercises
V. Listening
VI. Testing
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Discussion
What are the most important inventions in human
history?
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• Background

Three important inventions in China.

• moveable printing types

• gunpowder

• compass

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Preface

• Perhaps you have noticed that in many
  cities, LED lamps are replacing traditional light
  bulbs. But how did LED lamps came into being?
  Read the following story and youll get to know.

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Lines 1-5

• Some inventions are so good its almost
  impossible to imagine improving on them. The
  light bulb may have been improved and modified
  over the years but the basic technology is still
  the one that Thomas Edison invented in
  1878-heating a very thin wire with electricity
  until it glows brightly.

questions
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Lines 1-5

• The light bulb may have been improved and
  modified over the years but the basic technology
  is still the one that Thomas Edison invented in
  1878

• modify make changes in make different

Youd better modify the article you have
written.
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Lines 1-5

• Q What is the basic idea of a light bulb?

The basic idea is to heat a very thin wire
with electricity until it glows brightly.
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Lines 6-13

• But that technology is about to change. Some
  time soon, perhaps in the next ten years, light
  bulbs will be replaced by an electronic device
  that is smaller, lasts longer and could save tens
  of millions of dollars a year in electricity
  bills alone. The device is a light-emitting
  diode, or LED, which converts electricity into
  light without heating up. (Light bulbs, by
  contrast, waste much of the energy they use
  through heat.) LED lamps are so energy
  efficient that they consume up to 85 less power
  than standard light bulbs and last 16 times
  longer.

questions
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Lines 6-13

• The device is a light-emitting diode, or LED,
  which converts electricity into light without
  heating up.

• emit send out

Its unlawful for factories to emit black smoke
into the air.
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Lines 6-13

• The device is a light-emitting diode, or LED,
  which converts electricity into light without
  heating up.

• convert change (from one form, use, etc into
  another

The reception room will be converted into a
reading room.
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Lines 6-13

• Light bulbs, by contrast, waste much of the
  energy they use through heat.

• by contrast when a comparison is made with

By contrast, the room northward gets much less
sunshine than the room southward.
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Lines 6-13

• they consume up to 85 less power than
  standard light bulbs

• up to as much or as many as a certain amount or
  number but not more

The Olympic Stadium will hold up to
80,00 spectators.
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Lines 6-13
Q What are the advantages of the LED compared
with the light bulb?
It is smaller, lasts longer and saves a lot of
electricity.
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Lines 14-21

• LEDs have been in use since the early 1960s,
  but only in certain colours. First red, then
  orange, yellow and yellowish green. To replace
  the light bulb, however, a final colour was
  required-blue. Without a bright blue LED, it was
  not possible to make white light, which is made
  up of a mixture of colours. Scientists in the
  most advanced universities and major corporations
  around the world were competing with each other
  to be the first to make a blue LED, and to make
  millions from their discovery.

questions
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Lines 14-21

• To replace the light bulb, however, a final
  colour was required blue.

• replace take the place of

Robots are replacing workers on the assembly
line.
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Lines 14-21

• Without a bright blue LED, it was not possible
  to make white light, which is made up of a
  mixture of colours.

• be made up of consist of

The football team is made up of twenty people.
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Lines 14-21

• Q What is yet to be invented for the LED to
  finally replace the light bulb?

The blue color in an LED should be developed.
Without a bright blue color, an LED cannot make
white light.
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Lines 22-29

• Finally, in November 1993, a blue LED was
  developed-followed in 1995 by a white one. The
  scientific world was amazed but not by the fact
  that the blue LED had been developed scientists
  had been expecting this news for some time. What
  amazed everyone was that the discoverer was a
  young unknown researcher, working in a small
  Japanese company that most people even people
  in the lighting industry in Japan did not know
  about.

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Lines 22-29

• The scientific world was amazed but not by
  the fact that the blue LED had been developed

• amaze make someone very surprised

We were all amazed at his rapid recovery.
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Lines 30-39

• The researchers name was Shuji Nakamura and
  he worked for Nichia Chemicals, a family-owned
  business based on Shikoku the least developed of
  Japans four main islands. He persuaded Nobu
  Ogawa, the founder of the company, to fund
  research into producing a blue LED from the
  chemical compound gallium nitride. Researchers in
  other companies had already decided that gallium
  nitride was not the answer to the problem, but
  Ogawa decided that the risk was worth taking.
  Everyone lese used to do things by the book,
  without thinking. We dont do what people say you
  should. He gave Nakamura HK21.25.

questions
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Lines 30-39

• He persuaded Nobu Ogawa to fund research
  into producing a blue LED

• fund provide with money

The project was jointly funded by central and
local governments.
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Lines 30-39

• Q Who was the inventor of the first blue LED?

His name was Shuji Nakamura and he worked for
Nichia Chemicals, a family-owned business.
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Lines 40-45

• Nakamura was extremely fortunate to receive
  such a strong support, and he was soon to benefit
  from another piece of good luck. Just as he was
  beginning his research, a Japanese scientist made
  a breakthrough with gallium nitride which made
  the compound much easier to use to make a blue
  LED. Within four years Nakamura had produced a
  blue LED, then a white one.

questions
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Lines 40-45

• Nakamura was extremely fortunate to receive
  such strong support, and he was soon to benefit
  from another piece of good luck.

• benefit from receive benefit from

Ive benefited a great deal from your
suggestions on how to improve my English.
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Lines 40-45

• Q How long did it take Nakamura to develop a
  white LED?

It took him four years to produce a white LED.
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Lines 46-52

• As more and more uses are found for LEDs,
  the numbers produced will increase, and so the
  unit costs will be reduced. At the moment LEDs
  are still too expensive to replace the common
  light bulb, but as prices come down this will
  definitely happen soon. So, Nichia is likely to
  be making enormous profits for years to come. We
  live in the 20th century using lighting designed
  by Thomas Edison, but Shuji Nakamura will light
  up the 21st.

questions
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Lines 46-52

• but as the prices come down this will
  definitely happen soon.

• come down fall

As the evening approaches, the temperature
will come down.
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Lines 46-52

• We live the 20th century using lighting
  designed by Thomas Edison, but Shuji Nakamura
  will light up the 21st.

• Light up cause to become bright

It is very dark inside. We had better light up.
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Lines 46-52

• Q What do we know about the price of the LED
  now?

It is too expensive to replace the light bulb.
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Summary

• Q What are the advantages of an LED over a
  light bulb?

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Homework

• Preview the text.
• Please find more information about important
  inventions in human history.

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Thanks for your attention!
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Exercises

• ??????????????????????????
• 2. ????,??????????,???????????

All the students agreed that they had benefited
a great deal from Professor Blacks lecture.
By contrast, the tribes-people retained vitality
through their very primintivess.
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Exercises
3. ?????????? 4. ?????????????????? 5.
??????????????,???????
They converted deserted land into good fields.
They agreed to hold a meeting to modify the
terms of the contract.
Mr. White started up a business last month,
but hasnt made a profit yet.