Pesticide%20Applicator%20Training%20Rights-of-Way%20

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Pesticide Applicator Training Rights-of-Way
Noxious WeedsEquipment and Calibration
Robert E. Wolf Extension Specialist Application
Technology Biological and Agricultural
Engineering Dept.
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Changes in the Application Industry!

• Historically inefficient process
• Increased cost of chemicals
• Rates are changing (lt an ounce/acre)
• More pest specific products (foliar)
• Biotechnology and GMOs Roundup Ready, Bts
• More sophisticated equipment (electronics)
• Environmental impact (water and air)
• Easy to measure!
• Drift!!!
• Variable rates
• Site-specific

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Equipment cost today?

• How much do these machines cost?

150,000 - 200,000
750,000 - 1,300,000
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Equipment cost today?

• How much do these machines cost?

15,000 - 30,000
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Application is Important

• Many complaints to chemical company
  representatives involve improper application of
  chemicals.
• Improper mixing procedures
• Travel speed errors
• Uniformity of coverage
• Incorrect quantities added to the tank
• Particle drift
• Selection and maintenance of nozzles

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Application Equipment

• Two basic types of application systems
• Liquid (sprayers)
• Granular

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Application Equipment

• Manual Sprayers
• Compressed air
• Knapsack

Easy Spray Valve
CF Valve
Spray Management Valve
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Application Equipment

• Power Hydraulic Sprayer
• Low-pressure
• High pressure

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Noxious Weed Control
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Automated Systems

• Injection
• Multiple position nozzles
• Multiple chemicals

70,000
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Sprayer Components

• Tanks (contamination issues)
• Pump, Strainers, Agitation
• Pressure gauge
• Hoses, Flow control assemblies
• Electronics monitors-computers- controllers
  (GPS/GIS)
• Distribution system
• Nozzles!!!!!!!!!

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Types of Pumps

• Roller Pump
• Centrifugal Pump
• Diaphragm Pump
• Piston Pump
• Peristaltic Pump (Squeeze or hose pump chemical
  injection)

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Plumbing Diagram
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Plumbing Diagram
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Spray Characteristics are Important to Understand
Demonstrates Turbo Flat vs TurboDrop-5 MPH Wind
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NOZZLE TYPES

• FLAT SPRAY
• Extended Range Flat-Fan
• Turbo Flat-Fan
• Drift Reduction Flat-Fan
• Turbo Flood
• Off center Flat-Fan

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Others

• Boomless
• Handgun with disk core or adjustable nozzle

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Nozzles are important because
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1. Control the Amount applied

• Nozzle Flow Rate is affected by
• Orifice size
• Pressure
• Solution characteristics

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Nomenclature
Extended Range
Trade Name
(S,H,P,K,SS)
Stainless Steel Insert Orifice
VisiFlo Color Coding
Fan angle and flow rate-orifice size
Rated Pressure
40 psi for most nozzle types 10 psi for turbo
flood nozzles
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MATERIALS AND WEAR
Percent increase in nozzle flow rate Flat-fan
spray nozzles after 40 hour test
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2. Set up for Uniformity

• Goal is to put the material on evenly from
  nozzle to nozzle, end of boom to end of boom, and
  across the entire field.
• 20-inch spacing requires 17-19 above target for
  50-60 overlap.

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3. Will determine coverage

• Need knowledge of the product being used.
• Systemic
• Contact
• What is the target?
• Soil
• Grass
• Broadleaf (smooth, hairy, waxy)
• Leaf orientation time of day

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4. Will affect drift

• Movement of spray particles off-target.
• Creating smaller spray drops will result in
  increased drift.
• Is it Coverage vs Drift?
• What is the answer?

64,000 Question?
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Why Interest in Drift?

• Spotty pest control
• Wasted chemicals
• Off-target damage
• More high value specialty crops
• Urban sprawl and.....
• Less tolerant neighbors
• Litigious Society
• More wind?? (Timing)
• Environmental impact
• Water and Air Quality
• Public more aware of pesticide
• concerns! (Negative) (Perceptions)
• Result-higher costs-

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Technical Aspects of Spray Drift
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Definition of Drift

• Movement of spray particles and vapors
  off-target causing less effective control and
  possible injury to susceptible vegetation,
  wildlife, and people.
• Adapted from National Coalition on Drift
  Minimization 1997 as adopted from the AAPCO
  Pesticide Drift Enforcement Policy - March 1991

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Types of Drift

• Vapor Drift - associated with volatilization
  (gas, fumes)
• Particle Drift - movement of spray particles
  during or after the spray application

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Factors Affecting Drift

• Spray Characteristics
• chemical
• formulation
• drop size
• evaporation

• Equipment Application
• nozzle type
• nozzle size
• nozzle pressure
• height of release

• Weather
• air movement (direction and velocity)
• temperature and humidity
• air stability/inversions
• topography

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Wind Direction

• Wind direction is very important
• Know the location of sensitive areas - consider
  safe buffer zones.
• Do not spray at any wind speed if it is blowing
  towards sensitive areas - all nozzles can drift.
• Spray when breeze is gentle, steady, and blowing
  away from sensitive areas.
• Dead calm conditions are never recommended.

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Wind Meters and Compass
Prices for Wind Meters taken from Gemplers 2002
Master Catalog Plastimo Airguide Inc., 1110
Lake Cook Road, Buffalo Grove, IL
60089(708-215-7888)
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Inversions
Under normal conditions air tends to rise and mix
with the air above. Droplets will disperse and
will usually not cause problems.
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Temperature Inversions
Under these conditions the temperature increases
as you move upward. This prevents air from
mixing with the air above it. This causes small
suspended droplets to form a concentrated cloud
which can move in unpredictable directions.
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Recognizing Inversions

• Under clear to partly cloudy skies and light
  winds, a surface inversion can form as the sun
  sets.
• Under these conditions, a surface inversion will
  continue into the morning until the sun begins to
  heat the ground.

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Courtesy George Ramsay, Dupont
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Precautions for Inversions

• Surface inversions are common .
• Be especially careful near sunset and an hour or
  so after sunrise, unless
• There is low heavy cloud cover
• The wind speed is greater than 5-6 mph at ground
  level
• 5 degree temp rise after sun-up
• Use of a smoke bomb or smoke
• generator is recommended to
• identify inversion conditions.

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Calibration!!!!

• Ensuring that the spray output is what it is
  supposed to be!

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Calculations
!_at_!
GPA
5940
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Calibration/Nozzle Selection

• What is the first step?
• Use label to select the
• application volume
• product rate
• Choose an appropriate travel speed
• Effective width of application
• nozzle spacing
• Calculate GPM Flow rate per nozzle
• Select the correct size of nozzle!

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Sprayer Calibration

• Variables
• 1. Nozzle flow rate (GPM)
• 2. Ground speed (MPH)
• 3. Effective sprayed width (W)-inches or swath
  width (SW) - feet
• 4. Application rate (GPA)

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NOZZLE SELECTION

• 1. Nozzle flow rate (GPM) - affected by
• density, orifice size, and pressure
• To double the flow rate the pressure
• (psi) must increase____________ times!

4
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NOZZLE SELECTION

• 2. Ground speed (MPH) -
• Doubling the ground speed
• reduces the application rate (GPA)
• by _________!

1/2
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NOZZLE SELECTION

• 3. Effective sprayed width (inches - W) or
• (swath width in feet - SW)
• Doubling the effective sprayed width per
• nozzle decreases the application rate
• (GPA) by _________!

1/2
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Calculations
Ok, now I remember!
GPA
5940
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Application Rate Equation
Equation 1
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Application Rate Equation
Equation 1
(5940/12 495)
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Where
gallons per acre

• GPA ______________________
• GPM ______________________
• MPH ______________________
• SW ______________________

gallons per minute
miles per hour
swath width - feet
5940 or 495 a constant to convert gallons
per minute, miles per hour, and feet to gallons
per acre
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Measuring Ground Speed

• Ground Speed - Miles Per Hour (MPH)
• Where traveling 88 ft. in 60 seconds 1 MPH
• Doubling the ground speed reduces
• the output by 1/2.

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Flow rate equation
or
(5940/12 495)
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Electronics/Rate Controllers

• How does your system work when speed changes?
• Is it pressure based?
• What is the effect of going slower?
• What is the effect of going faster?

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Hand Sprayer Calibration
Spraying to the point of runoff
Dilute

• product added to each gal. or 100 gal.
• uniform coverage-dripping from leaves
• time and gallons per tree/1000 sq. ft.

Technique important!!
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Calibration Procedure

• Steps
• Mark off a calibration course of 1000 sq. ft.
• Accurately measure the time required to spray the
  calibration course using a proper technique.
  Remember only record the amount of time the gun
  is actually spraying.
• Measure the flow rate from the gun. Using the
  time recorded in step 2, spray into a calibrated
  container for that same length of time.
• Amount in the container represents the
  application rate per 1000 sq. ft.

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Hand Spray Guns cont.

• Example
• It took 50 seconds for an applicator to spray the
  1000 sq. ft. calibration course. The amount of
  spray collected from the gun in the 50 seconds
  was 1.4 gallons.

The application rate for this example is 1.4
gallons per 1000 sq. ft. or 61 gallons per acre
(43.56 x 1.4)
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EPA Requested Changes Coming!!!!

• New Label language-EPA Reviewing Public Comments
• Match the crop protection product to the target
• Adhere to label guidelines based on an industry
  standard
• ASAE S-572
• Buffer Zones or No Spray Zones
• Maximize Efficacy
• Minimize Drift

VMD
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For more information contact
rewolf_at_ksu.edu
www.bae.ksu.edu/rewolf/