FINAL DEFEAT OF THE INDIANS

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FINAL DEFEAT OF THE INDIANS
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INTRODUCTION

• INDIAN POLICY EXPULSION AND EXTERMINATION
• CLASH OF TWO CULTURES
• WHITES VIEW INDIANS AS AN OBSTACLE TO BE REMOVED.

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BY 1830S INDIANS REMOVED

• 1831 THE BLACK HAWK WAR
• 1832 CHEROKEE WIN DECISION IN WORCESTER V
  GEORGIA.
• PRES. JACKSON ORDERS THEM REMOVED.

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THE TRAIL OF TEARS 1838

• 1600O INDIANS FORCED TO MARCH FROM GEORGIA TO
  OKLAHOMA
• 1500 DIE ALONG THE TRAIL OF TEARS.

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THE FINAL CHAPTER

• THE PLAINS INDIANS RESIST
• GOVERNMENT SETS UP TWO MAIN RESERVATIONS
• OKLAHOMA AND THE BLACK HILLS

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THE SAND CREEK MASSACRE 1864

• COLORADO AND THE CHEYENNE
• FRIENDLY INDIANS AND HOSTILES.
• BLACK KITTLE AT SAND CREEK

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COLONEL JOHN CHIVINGTON

• NOV 29TH 1864
• SLAUGHTER FRIENDLY INDIANS
• CHIVINGTON NITS MAKE LICE.

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CUSTER AT THE WASHITA 1867

• CUSTER ATTACK VILLAGE AND SLAUGHTERS MORE
  CHEYENNE
• CLAIMS A GREAT VICTORY.
• BLACK KETTLE IS KILLED.

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CUSTERS LAST STAND JUNE 1876

• PROSPECTOR INVADE BLACK HILLS SEEKING GOLD
• CUSTER 7TH CAVALRY ARE SENT TO PUNISH INDIANS
• CUSTER IS FRUSTRATED.

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MORE

• SCOUT SPOT AN INDIAN CAMP, THEY BELIEVE IS SMALL.
• CUSTER DOES NOT HAVE HIS FULL FORCE.
• DIVIDES HIS MEN FOR THREE PRONGED ATTACK.

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MORE

• CUSTER WITH 264 MEN ATTACK THE SETTLEMENT.
• SURPRISED TO FIND 3000 WARRIORS.
• INDIANS LEAD BY SITTING BULL AND CRAZY HORSE.

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MORE

• CUSTER 7TH WIPED OUT.
• CUSTERS OFFICERS COURT MARSHALED.
• THIS WAS REALLY THE INDIANS LAST STAND.

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CHIEF JOSEPH 1877

• NEZ PERCES OF WASHINGTON OREGON
• JOSEPH TRIES TO LEAD HIS PEOPLE TO CANADA
• 1300 MILE TREK
• STOPPED 30 MILES FROM BORDER.

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JOSEPHS SURRENDER

• HEAR ME MY CHIEFS.

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JOSEPH ON PEACE

• IF THE WHITE MAN WANTS PEACE

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REFORM AND INDIAN POLICY

• HELEN HUNT JACKSON A CENTURY OF DISHONOR
• THE DAWES ACT 1887
• GOAL TO PROMOTE ASSIMILATION

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THE WEST FRONTIER

• AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

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FRONTIER THE WESTERN

• AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

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THE FRONTIER IN 1865

• 100TH MERIDIAN
• MINNESOTA TO TEXAS
• 1500 MILES TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN
• ONLY A SMALL SETTLEMENT AT SANTA FE.

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MORMONS IN UTAH

• THE MAIN WHITE SETTLEMENT AT SALT LAKE.
• BRIGHAM YOUNG LED THEM THERE IN THE 1840S
• CALLED IT DESERET.

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THE WEST WAS SETTLED IN 25 YEARS

• CENSUS BUREAU IN 1890
• DECLARE THE FRONTIER CLOSED.
• BY 1912 ALL OF THE WEST ORGANIZED INTO STATES.

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SOME NUMBERS

• BETWEEN 1607 1870, 407 MILLION ACRES SETTLED.
• BETWEEN 1870 1900, 430 MILLION ACRES SETTLED.
• 6 MILLION PEOPLE MOVE WEST BETWEEN 1865 1900

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THERE ARE TWO REGIONS OF THE WEST

• 1)THE GREAT PLAINS FEW TREES LESS THAN 20
  INCHES OF RAIN PER YEAR.
• 2) THE GREAT BASIN ROCKIES TO PACIFIC RANGE.
• POOR SOIL SCARE WATER.

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FRONTIER THE WESTERN

• AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

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DESPITE PROBLEM

• THESE REGIONS ARE SETTLED BY 1900
• NEW INVENTIONS AND NEW AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES
  MAKE SETTLEMENT POSSIBLE.

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TRANSPORTATION IN THE WEST

• WAGON TRAINS- CALLED COMPANIES DRAWN BY OXEN
• ORGANIZED AS JOINT STOCK COMPANIES.
• LEAD BY A MAJOR, BUT DEMOCRATIC IN NATURE.

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THE STAGECOACH

• FOUNDED IN 1850
• 6 HORSES WITH STATIONS ALONG THE WAY.
• THE BUTTERFIELD COMPANY THE MOST FAMOUS.
• DIFFICULT DANGEROUS.

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THE PONY EXPRESS 1860

• RAPID DELIVER OF MAIL
• HIGH ADVENTURE.
• THE TELEGRAPH MAKES THE PONY EXPRESS OBSOLETE.

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THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

• CONGRESS AUTHORIZES IT IN 1862 -- COMPLETED IN
  1869
• UNION PACIFIC AND THE CENTRAL PACIFIC.
• BY 1893 FIVE TRANSCONTINENTAL OPERATING.

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VARIOUS FRONTIERS

• 1) HUNTER TRAPPERS BLAZED THE TRAILS.
• 2) MINERS FRONTIER 1849
• 3) CATTLE FRONTIER 1870S
• 4) PIONEER FRONTIER (HOMESTEAD ACT 1862)

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MORE

• 5) EQUIPPED FARMERS, USED THE RAILROAD TO SHIP
  STAPLE CROPS (WHEAT CORN, ETC.)

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A CLOSER LOOK

• HUNTER TRAPPERS
• THE MOUNTAIN MEN JIM BRIDGER, JEREMIAH JOHNSON,
  KIT CARSON
• SCOUTED MAPPED THE WEST. LED THE WAY.

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THE MINING FRONTIER

• CALIF. GOLD RUSH 1849
• BROUGHT 1OOS OF THOUSANDS WEST.
• ROUTES BY SHIP OR THE OVERLAND TRAIL.

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THE OVERLAND TRAIL

• STARTS AT INDEPENDENCE, MO.
• CROSSED THE PLAINS
• UP THE ROCKIES
• ACROSS THE GREAT PLATEAU
• OVER THE SIERRA NEVADA MTS.
• FINALLY TO CALIFORNIA.

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EARLY MINERS

• PLACER GOLD FOUND WITH PICK SHOVEL PAN.
• LATER CAME HARD ROCK MINING.
• MINING BECAME BIG BUSINESS.

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NEW DISCOVERIES

• NEVADA THE COMSTOCK LODE. LARGEST SILVER GOLD
  STRIKE.
• COLORADO 1859 PIKES PEAK OR BUST!
• MARK TWAINS ROUGHING IT

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MORE

• 1857 BLACK HILL OF SO. DAKOTA DEADWOOD GULCH
• WILD BILL HICKOCK CALAMITY JANE.
• VIGILANCE COMMITTEES

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MORE DISCOVERIES

• BUTTE, MONTANA SITE OF ANACONDA COPPER CORP.
• GUGGENHEIM FAMILY GAINS MONOPOLY ON COPPER.
• TRIVIA A GUGGENHEIM DIED WITH THE TITANIC

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THE CATTLE FRONTIER 1870S

• NEED IN EAST FOR MEAT
• WILD CATTLE IN TEXAS
• THE LONG DRIVES. CATTLE AT THE RAILHEAD WORTH 35
  EACH.
• 1ST LONG DRIVE UP THE SEDALIA TRAIL 260,000 HEAD

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OTHER TRAILS

• CHISHOLM TO ABILENE, KA
• THE WESTERN TRAIL TO DODGE CITY
• GOODNIGHT LOVING TRAIL TO DENVER
• ONCE RAILROAD SPREAD DRIVES END.

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CATTLE RANCHING

• RANCHES BECOME CATTLE FARMS
• RELY ON FEDERAL OPEN RANGE TO GRAZE CATTLE.
• CATTLEMEN CHALLENGED BY SOD BUSTERS.

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FARMERS FRONTIER

• HOMESTEAD ACT 1862
• 160 ACRES FREE IF YOU IMPROVE IT AND LIVE ON IT
  FOR 5 YEARS.
• WILLIAM GILPINS VISION THE GT. PLAINS CAN BE A
  GARDEN.

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PROBLEMS

• NO TREES TO BUILD WITH.
• ANSWER SOD HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
• NO FUEL. ANSWER BURN BUFFALO CHIPS.
• LIMITED WATER ANSWER DEEP WELLS WINDMILLS.

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JOSEPH GLIDDENS INVENTION

• BARBED WIRE (1874) MAKES FENCING POSSIBLE.
• EQUAL TO COTTON GIN IN IMPACT

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HOMESTEAD ACTS WEAKNESS.

• ON PLAINS HIGH DESERT 160 ACRES IS NOT ENOUGH
  LAND.
• NEED 640 ACRES.
• 1877 DESERT LAND ACT
• THE TERMS OF THE ACT

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TERMS

• 160 DOWN, 1 PER ACRE
• TO BE PAID OVER 3 YEARS.
• FARMER MUST INSTALL IRRIGATION.

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OKLAHOMA 1889

• THE LAST LAND RUSH APRIL 22ND , 1889
• BOOMERS AND SOONERS

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CENSUS REPORT 1890

• DECLARES THE FRONTIER IS CLOSED.
• THERE IS NO LONGER A DISCERNIBLE LINE OF
  FRONTIER.
• REPORT INSPIRES FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER TO
  DEVELOP THE FRONTIER THESIS.1893

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Turner Thesis Closing of the Frontier

• Frederick Jackson Turner
• Frontier shaped America by stimulating
  individualism, nationalism, and democracy
• Free land had operated as a safety valve for
  easterners looking for land
• No more land, no more safety valve
• Frontier is closed