Robotic Networks and Unveiling the

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Robotic Networks and Unveiling the Forcing of
Biological Complexity in the Oceans. Oscar
Schofield, Scott Glenn, Jorge Corredor, Debora
Iglesias-Rodriguez, Lee Kerkhof, Gary
Kirkpatrick, Josh Kohut, Julio Morell, Mark
Moline, Matt Oliver, Michael Twardowski

• Why?
• The potential
• Snapshots of complexity
• to be unraveled

Coastal Observation and Prediction Sponsors
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Oceans are complex
Some estimates of the dispersion on biological
material through the oceans is on the order of
77,706 years however significant evolution is
observed, thus it likely is fast, episodic, and
driven by the environmental system
Iglesias-Rodriguez submitted
Satellite View of Biological Provinces in the
Worlds Oceans
Oliver et al. in Prep.
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Oceans are changing
Example ARCTIC CHANGES
2090
Our grand children
Polar Amplification of Global Warming
2005
1979
2060
Our children
2030
Us
1980
2000
YEAR
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Oceans are changing
lt10 microns flagellates
gt50 microns diatoms
100
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KrillSalp
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
4
2
6
2
0
Ice Index
Thanks Bill Frazer, Mark Moline, Doug
Martininson
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Changes in the microbes ripple through entire
food Web North to South Penguin
ANVERS IS
\
ADELAIDE IS
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Oceans are hard to sample
NATURAL VARIABILITY Where do you put a
mooring? Where do drive the ship? When should I
be out there?
Color variability at multiple scales around
Tasmania from CZCS image Causes? Strong winds,
strong currents, bottom togography, etc.
Thanks Mossian (NASA) and Wilkins (Rutgers)
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Ship Grid Patterns
BL Isosurfaces
1E10 ph/s/35L
0
3E11 ph/s/.35L
Depth (m)
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Latitude (5km)
Longitude (2km)
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BL Isosurfaces
5E10ph/s/.35L
1E11ph/s/.35L
Depth (m)
Latitude (300m)
Longitude (500m)
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Will we be able to overcome the sampling problem?
A Look Back
If I were to choose a single phrase to
characterize the first century of modern
oceanography, it would be a century of
under-sampling. Walter Munk, 2000
A Look Forward
Technology is Enabling Scientists to Improve Our
View 1 Satellites in Space
(Beginning in 1980s) 1 Subsurface Ocean
Arrays (Robots Now!) ----
------------------------------------ 3
Well Sampled Ocean
Walter Munk, 2000. Oceanography Before, and
After, the Advent of Satellites.
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What are the paths forward? Distributed ocean
networks
US Navy (LBSFI)
National Science Foundation (OOI)
NOAA (IOOS)
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Large and medium-sized AUVs
What will the subsurface remote sensing platforms
look like?
Thanks to Gwynn Griffiths
HuginKongsberg Simrad, Norway
AutosubSouthampton Oceanography Centre, UK
OdysseyBluefin Robotics, USA
Explorer familyISE Research, Canada
Martin-600Maridan, Denmark
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AUVs do not need to be large
What will the subsurface remote sensing platforms
look like?
Thanks to Gwynn Griffiths
Slocum glider Rutgers University, USA
Remus - a 1.8 m long AUVHydroid Inc., USA
The Mauve AUVFrance
Sea glider U. Washington APL, USA
C-Scout, IMD, Canada
Gavia - a one person AUVHafmynd, Iceland
Spray glider, Scripps Inst.Oceanography USA
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For today, I will focus on small REMUS and Webb
Gliders
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These assets are controlled shore-side in COOL
rooms
Coastal Ocean Observation Lab Operations Center
The COOLRoom Today
Collaboration Table
A Stommel View of the Ocean
Research Ops Command Control Station
CODAR Network
Glider Fleet
L/X-Band Satellite Systems
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• TIME SERIES AND PERSISTENT PRESENCE

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These assets can allow a single lab maintain a
continuous spatial presence at sea
Deployments since October 2003 125 missions,
36,738 kilometers underwaters, 278730 vertical
casts, 1782 days at sea
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Darwins Odyssey January 11, 2006
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05/2005
03/2004
10/2003
06/2004
10/2005
10/2005
06/2005
11/2003
07/2004
03/2004
11/2003
04/2004
11/2005
07/2005
07/2004
07/2005
01/2005
08/2004
12/2003
04/2004
01/2006
02/2005
01/2004
08/2004
05/2004
01/2004
05/2004
02/2005
04/2006
09/2004
05/2004
09/2004
04/2006
03/2005
03/2005
06/2004
10/2004
05/2006
Castaleo et al. (JGR)
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NJSOS Endurance Line Seasonal Cross-Shelf
Optical Backscatter Transects
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The ability to map space persistently at sea is
key Here 4 gliders changed Naval tactics during
a submarine war game 64 times in 1 month. This
lead to a purchase order of 300 gliders by the
Navy to outfit the Atlantic and Pacific fleets
SHAREM 150 (Glenn et al)
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Many sensors being minituarized, here a full
spectrometer provides hyperspectral absorption
MORE WAVELENGTHS MORE CONFIDENCE SPLITTING OUT
PHYTOPLANKTON TAXA
Particle Absorbance
REMUS/BreveBuster HAB Community
Structure 01/21/05 1736hrs 1.4m
4th Derivative
From Gary Kirkpatrick
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WetLabs Pucks CTD
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• TIME SERIES AND PERSISTENT PRESENCE
• EXTREME EVENTS

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RIDERS IN THE STORM
16-Sep-2004 150053 - 23-Sep-2004 115727
Temperature
Depth-Averaged Currents Surface Currents
bb532
bb(532)/c(532)
7410
7400
7350
7340
7330
7320
7310
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Tropical Storm Ernesto Sub-Surface Impacts
Before
June 14, 2006 - Present
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Tropical Storm Ernesto Sub-Surface Impacts
During
June 14, 2006 - Present
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Tropical Storm Ernesto Sub-Surface Impacts
After
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Waves, 50 meter internal waves. What will a
depth sample show or miss?
Puerto Rico Glider Data from This last Friday.
Data still being collected with the data being
updated to the web every 6 hours
Density
Chlorophyll fluorescence
Light backscatter
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• TIME SERIES AND PERSISTENT PRESENCE
• EXTREME EVENTS
• EXTREME LOCATIONS

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22 January, 2007
400 km
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???????
Jan 23, 2007
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• TIME SERIES AND PERSISTENT PRESENCE
• EXTREME EVENTS
• EXTREME LOCATIONS
• UNDISCOVERED PROCESSES

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Coastal buoyant plumes
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LaTTE 2005 -- After Luring the Cape Hatteras
Offshore.
Shipboard Salinity Section Across the NJ Coastal
Current and the HSV Highway
The survey began on the Highway. We were near
the glider when it surfaced. We saw currents
ripping southward in a 10 m thick layer of
freshwater along the highway -- perhaps the most
significant freshwater transport we saw all
week. Perhaps the most perplexing to me
is the Highway and why there has been a lack of
a strong coastally trapped flow this week.
--- Bob Chant aboard the Cape Hatteras, April
21, 2005
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Is this offshore transport a regular feature and
how far offshore can it extend?

• Top 5 Discharge Events
• Since 1918
• 3/21/1936 3955
• 3/16/1977 3438
• 1/22/1996 3201
• 9/20/1938 3171
• 6/29/2006 3167

Summer Rain
LaTTE Spring Freshet
5 Albanys Wettest June on Record since 1795
Hudson River Watershed
2006
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Check the Salinities
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Salinity
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Storms at Marthas Vineyard?
wind speed (m s-1)
c (m-1)
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wave height (m s-1)
c (m-1)
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c (m-1)
water column turbidity events occurring at night!
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Vertical migrations TAPS
the major event of the night is immediate,
i.e., that its beginning and emergence speeds are
not resolvable with data collected every minute,
even with the higher spatial resolution afforded
by the low-angle perspective
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FIRST FULL DAY OF DEPLOYMENT
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• nocturnal turbidity events what are we really
  looking at? Are the optics really resolving mysid
  shrimp 1 cm long?

no way

• Are we seeing an influx of smaller (optically
  significant) particles as a migration residual?
• But how does the entire water column clear so
  fast?
• Arent mysids attracted to light?

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Thank you and some examples of bio-fouling
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Future? Merge the Smart Sampling Networks to the
ocean sequencing Efforts or. There will be no
way to interpret the observed variability even
if you sequenced everything for decades.