HARNESSING THE POTENTIALS OF NIGERIAN CHEWING STICKS

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HARNESSING THE POTENTIALS OF NIGERIAN CHEWING
STICKS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS
DENTIFRICE 1Ogundiya M.O 1?Kolapo A.L
2Adejumobi, J.A. and 2Okunade M.B 1 Department
of Biology, The Polytechnic, Ibadan. Nigeria
2Department of Chemistry, The Polytechnic,
Ibadan. Nigeria
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INTRODUCTION

• There is a long and venerable history of the use
  of plants to improve dental health and promote
  oral hygiene.
• The use of chewing stick persists today among
  many African, Asian communities, isolated areas
  of tropical America and southern United States
  (Lewis and Elvin-Lewis 1977).
• Plant extracts have also been incorporated into
  dentifrices and there are several modern examples
  of this practice (Kerry 2008)

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INTRODUCTION

• Plant extracts are also used to provide natural
  chewing gums for oral hygiene, to treat
  toothache, gingivitis and periodontal disease
  (Kerry 2008).
• Common Nigerian chewing sticks includeGarcinia
  manni, Masularia accuminata, Terminalia
  glaucescens, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Pseudocedrela
  kotschyi, Xanthoxyllum gilletti and Azadiracta
  indica (Akande and Hayashi (1998) .
• Prosopis africana, Bridelia ferruginea and
  Dichrostachys cinerea are also used as chewing
  stick in the south western Nigeria.

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JUSTIFICATION

• The need to process and package indigenous
  medicinal plants that are of oral importance
  into herbal toothpaste has been proposed
  (Ogundiya et al. 2006)
• Presently,a particular Nigeria-based company
  released a plant based dentifrice into Nigerian
  market.
• This trend requires that the bioactivity of many
  of these medicinal plants against common
  indigenous oral pathogens be scientifically
  established.

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AIM OBJECTIVES

• The present work focused on providing scientific
  information on the phytochemical composition and
  antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol
  extracts of stem and root of these indigenous
  chewing sticks.
• Bridelia ferruginea, Dichrostachys
  cinerea,Terminalia glaucescens, Prosopis africana
  and Anogeissus leiocarpus are the investigated
  plants.
• The tested oral pathogens include Candida
  albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus
  saprophyticus

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MATERIALS METHODS

• The tested plant parts were collected from
  Oke-Ogun axis of south Western Nigeria.
• The plants were identified by a plant Taxonomist
  at the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria,
  Ibadan.
• The stems and roots of each plant were sun-dried
  for 7d grinded using a pestle and wooden mortar.
  

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MATERIALS METHODS

• Ethanol extract preparation was done as
  previously described by Ogundiya et al. (2006).
• Water extraction procedure was the same except
  that soaking was done for 48 h and the filtrate
  was evaporated to dryness.
• Crude extracts were reconstituted into an aqueous
  solution using sterile distilled water to obtain
  extract concentrations of 0.4 and 0.2 g/ml

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MATERIALS METHODS

• Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the
  phytochemicals present were carried out using
  methods described by Fadeyi et al. (1987) and
  Harbone (1998)
• Antimicrobial activity of different extracts was
  determined by agar-well diffusion method. (Perez
  et al.1990Popoola et al.2007).

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MATERIALS METHODS

• Data were expressed as mean standard deviation.
• The statistical significance of differences was
  assessed using analysis of variance.
• Duncans Multiple Range test was used to separate
  significantly different values using SPSS for
  Windows ver. 11.0 statistical package.

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RESULTS

• Results of phytochemical analysis of the stem and
  root of the tested plants are shown in Table 1.
• Alkaloids, Saponnins, Tannins and steroids were
  present in all the investigated plant parts.
• But their concentrations varied.

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RESULTS

• Phenols were present in appreciable amount in P.
  africana, A. leiocarpus B. ferruginea.
• Cyanoglycosides were present in small quantities
  in either the stem or root of the tested plants.

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Table 1 Results of the quantitative estimation
of the phytochemicals (mg/100g) present in the
ethanol extracts of investigated plants.
Values are mean of triplicate determinations ND
implies not detected.
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RESULTS

• Results of the antimicrobial assay of both the
  root and stem extract of D. cinerea is presented
  in Tables 2a-c
• Both ethanol and aqueous extracts of the tested
  chewing stick had inhibitory effect on the growth
  of the three oral pathogens

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Table 2a Inhibition of Candida albicans by
aqueous and ethanol extract of Dichrostachy
cinerea
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 2b Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by
aqueous and ethanol extract of Dichrostachy
cinerea
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 2c Inhibition of Staphylococcus
saprophyticus by aqueous and ethanol extract of
Dichrostachy cinerea
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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RESULTS

• The results of the antimicrobial assay of the
  root and stem extract of P. africana is presented
  in Tables 3a-c
• Ethanol and aqueous extracts of the plant parts
  exhibited varied inhibitory effect on the growth
  of the tested microorganisms.

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Table 3a Inhibition of Candida albicans by
aqueous and ethanol extract of Prosopis africana
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 3b Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by
aqueous and ethanol extract of Prosopis africana
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 3c Inhibition of Staphylococcus
saprophyticus by aqueous and ethanol extract of
Prosopis africana
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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RESULTS

• Tables 4a-c show results of the antimicrobial
  assay of the extract of T. glaucescens.
• The results of the antimicrobial assay of the
  stem extract of B. ferruginea is presented in
  Tables 5a-c
• The results of the antimicrobial assay of the
  root and stem extract of A. leiocarpus are
  presented in Tables 6a-c

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Table 4a Inhibition of Candida albicans by
aqueous and ethanol extract of T. glaucescens
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 4b Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by
aqueous and ethanol extract of T. glaucescens
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 4c Inhibition of Staphylococcus
saprophyticus by aqueous and ethanol extract of
T. glaucescens
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 5a Inhibition of Candida albicans by
aqueous and ethanol extract of Bridelia
ferruginea stem
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 5b Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by
aqueous and ethanol extract of Bridelia
ferruginea stem
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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Table 5c Inhibition of Staphylococcus
saprophyticus by aqueous and ethanol extract of
Bridelia ferruginea stem
Values are meanstandard deviation (n3)
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DISCUSSION

• Influence of solvent for extraction on the
  inhibitory capacity of the extract on the test
  organism has been reported by Al-Bayati and
  Sulaiman (2008).
• This perhaps explained the higher inhibition
  exhibited by ethanol extracts.
• Inhibitory activity of the extracts was owned to
  the phytochemicals present.

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DISCUSSION

• This perhaps explained the reason why root
  extract of T. glaucescens exhibited higher
  inhibition than the stem extract.
• As the analysed phtochemicals were more
  concentrated in the root than the stem.

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DISCUSSION

• Alkaloid extract of Sanguinaria canadensis has
  been incorporated into various dentifrices and
  oral rinses (Dzink and Socransky 1985).
• Results from this study have clearly shown that
  the investigated chewing sticks are potential
  candidate plants that could be used in the
  development of indigenous dentifrice.

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DISCUSSION

• A wide range of antimicrobials with apparently
  relevant properties for use as plaque control
  agents exists.
• However, relatively few of these agents have been
  found to be suitable for use because of
• Lack of compatibility with dental product
  formulations (Cummins and Creeth 1992)

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DISCUSSION

• Lack of clinical efficiency due to
• The limitations of their evaluation in vitro
  (Marsh 1992).
• The mechanisms of action of these antimicrobials
  in the mouth (Goodson 1989).

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DISCUSSION

• As some agents are inactivated either when
  adsorbed to surface or when bound to host
  proteins,
• while the mouth provides unfavourable
  pharmacokinetics for other agents (Marsh 1992).
• Therefore, further researches are expected to
  focus on ways to translate the in vitro anti
  -oral pathogen activity
• of the investigated plants to a commercially
  available herbal based dentifrice that is truly
  indigenous in nature.

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