Macromolecules

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Macromolecules
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California Science Standards

• Standard 1. b. Students know enzymes are proteins
  that catalyze biochemical reactions without
  altering the reaction equilibrium and the
  activities of enzymes depend on the temperature,
  ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.

• 1. h. Students know most macromolecules
  (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins,
  lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized
  from a small collection of simple precursors.

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Macromolecules (Carbon Compounds)

• Living Tissues are 70 Water
• All living tissues are made up of the same 4
  large molecules

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Macromolecule 1Carbohydrates, I

• Carbohydrates are sugars and sugar polymers
  (polysaccharide)
• Monosaccharide
• raw material for amino acids and fatty acids

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Carbohydrates, II

• Disaccharides
• Two saccharides (sugars)
• Polysaccharides three or more sugars linked
  together

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Carbohydrates, III

• Polysaccharides Structural
  Cellulose most abundant organic compound
• Chitinexoskeletons cell walls of fungi
  surgical thread

• Polysaccharide Used as Storage
• Starch glucose monomers
• Plants plastids
• Animals glycogen

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Macromolecule 2 Lipids

• Hydrophobic Dont mix with water
• Hydrocarbons
• No polymers glycerol and fatty acid
• Fats, phospholipids, steroids

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Fats and Oils store Energy

• Fats and oil triglycerides (simple lipids)
• Fats are solid at room temperature
• Oils are liquids at room temperature
• Saturated vs. unsaturated fats single vs. double
  bonds

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Phospholipids

• 2 fatty acids instead of 3 (phosphate group)
• Tails hydrophobic heads hydrophilic
• Bilayer (double layer) cell membranes

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Steroids

• Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings
• Example
• cholesterol cell membranes precursor for
  other steroids (sex hormones) atherosclerosis

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Macromolecule 3 Proteins

• Protein molecules vary from about 50 to 3,000
  amino acids in length.
• Important for nearly everything organisms do
• Monomer amino acids (there are 22)

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Proteins

• Structural Support
• Protection
• Transport
• Catalysis
• Defense
• Regulation
• Movement

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Proteins

• A single amino acid substitution in a protein
  causes sickle-cell disease
• Normal cells contain millions of molecules of the
  protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen

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Primary Structure

• Order or sequence of amino acids
• Each type of protein has a unique primary
  structure of amino acids

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Secondary Structure

• Conformation coils folds (hydrogen bonds)
• Alpha Helix coiling keratin
• Pleated Sheet parallel silk

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Tertiary Structure

• Conformation irregular contortions from R
  group bonding
• Hydrophobic
• disulfide bridges
• hydrogen bonds
• ionic bonds

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Quaternary Structure

• Conformation 2 or more polypeptide
  chains aggregated into 1 macromolecule
• Example include collagen,connective ,tissue, and
  hemoglobin

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Macromolecule 4 Nucleic Acids Informational
Macromolecules

• Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides
  (polynucleotide)
• A nucleotide has 3 parts
• nitrogenous base
• pentose sugar
• phosphate group

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Nucleic Acids, II

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• 2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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Structure of Nuclei Acids
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DNA vs RNA

• DNA double stranded
• Adenine (2)
• Guanine (3)
• Cytosine (3)
• Thymine (2)
• Deoxyribose

• RNA single stranded
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cyhtosine
• Uracil
• Ribose

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Write the letter of the description that best
matches theterm or phrase

• a. building blocks of proteins
• b. solid at room temperature
• c. a molecular chain of nucleotides
• d. starch, cellulose, and glycogen
• e. many play key roles in the manufacture of
  proteins

• saturated fatty acid
• 2. nucleic acid
• 3. Polysaccharides
• 4. amino acids
• 5. RNA