Motivation and Emotion

1
Motivation and Emotion

• Causes and Effects

2
Definition of Motivation

• The drive to seek a goal (food, friends, money,
  good grades)
• Can be survival or non-survival needs/goals

3
Motivation

• Created by drives to reach a goal
• Drives often occur in cycles
• Hunger you are hungry, you eat, you are no
  longer hungry, then you become hungry again)
• Drives often are caused by physical factors
• hunger is caused by a drop in blood sugar levels
  blood sugar is monitored by the hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus contains centers for pleasure, rage,
  hunger and thirst

4
Motivation Survival drives

• Survival drives/physical needs
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Drive to seek warmth, cool off
• Drive to reproduce
• Sometimes drives can be faulty, as in obesity

5
Factors that Cause Obesity

• Using external, rather than internal, cues for
  eating
• Eating because something looks good
• Eating socially
• Eating because of stress or depression
• Eating because it is there
• Eating to prevent waste

6
Factors that Cause Obesity

• Higher set point
• Set point tells the body what the weight should
  be
• Set point is determined by of fat cells
• During dieting, fat cells quickly indicate hunger
• Can be changed with lots of work

7
Factors that Cause Obesity

• Heredity
• Lower metabolism
• Store fat more easily
• Burn calories more slowly
• Upbringing
• Food used as a reward
• Poor eating habits/dietary choices
• Lower exercise

8
Three minute paper

• Write for three minutes on the following topic.
  Write the first ideas and opinions that come into
  your head.
• Question
• Next fall, schools are going to eliminate sugar
  drinks in the vending machines to help control
  obesity among school kids. What do you think
  about this?

9
Eating disorders

• Some eating disorders are
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulimia
• Binge eating
• Compulsive Eating Disorder
• Obesity
• What do you think causes these disorders?

10
Motivation Non-survival drives

• Curiosity drive to seek new stimuli to solve
  problems to learn
• The more we know about something, the more we
  often want to learn about it
• Manipulation drive to handle and use objects in
  the environment
• We want to touch and play with objects
• Do all animals have this?

11
Motivation Psychological motives

• Need for stimulation need to be touched to
  develop properly (cerebellum needs movement to
  avoid emotional/physical scarring)
• Contact comfort with monkey babies
• WWII Institutional children

12
Motivation Psychological Motives

• Need for affiliation motivated to do things in
  order to belong a joiner.
• Need for approval motivated to do things so that
  others to like you
• Need for achievement motivated to do things that
  give a sense of personal accomplishment

13
Motivation achievement factors

• What affects the need for motivation?
• Environment
• Type A vs. type B personalities
• Birth order and personality

14
Type A B personalities

• Type A personalities generally refers to hard
  workers who are often preoccupied with schedules
  and the speed of their performance.
• Other type A traits
• impatient, excessively time-conscious, insecure
  about one's status, highly competitive, hostile
  and aggressive, and incapable of relaxation

15

• Type B personalities more creative, imaginative,
  and philosophical.
• Other type B traits patient, relaxed, and
  easy-going
• Take test http//www.psych.uncc.edu
  /pagoolka/TypeA-B-intro.html

16
Birth order and personality

• Your birth order tends to shape your personality.
  
• Different traits for first, middle, and last born
  children
• Personality types can vary depending on the
  number of years that separate siblings

17
Firstborn Children

• Two types compliant or aggressive
• Compliant People pleasers who crave approval
  team players, cooperative
• Aggressive high achievers who are leaders, are
  in control, and like to have things their way.
• All firstborns tend to be
• Energetic
• Ambitious
• Enterprising
• Logical

18
Middle Children

• Often the most difficult to understand and to
  raise
• Flexible
• Diplomatic
• Rebellious
• Attention seeking
• Competitive
• Peacemakers

19
Last Born Children

• Risk takers
• Idealists
• Good sense of humor
• Hard working
• Immature
• Attention seeking
• Secretive
• Sensitive

20
Only children

• Mature faster
• Get along well with older people
• Responsible
• Self-Centered
• Perfectionists
• Attention seekers
• Use adult language
• Prefer adult company
• Have difficulty sharing

21
Motivation

• Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
• Intrinsic motivation motivation coming from
  within organism
• Pride
• Sense of accomplishment
• Enjoyment
• Extrinsic motivation motivation from outside the
  organism
• Rewards
• Punishments

22
Motivation

• Are the following motivated intrinsically or
  extrinsically?
• Studying to get a good grade
• A runner who works to improve their times during
  practice runs alone
• Giving an anonymous gift
• Running in a race to win a medal
• Wearing the dress code to avoid detention
• A wealthy man who makes money that he doesnt
  need, just for the satisfaction of doing it

23
Motivation

• Which is better, intrinsic or extrinsic
  motivation? Why?
• Intrinsic motivation is strong, until
  supplemented with extrinsic motivation. Then
  intrinsic motivation disappears.
• Monkeys and latches
• Turning a hobby into a job

24
Motivation

• When children are rewarded for learning, natural
  curiosity is replaced by a focus on the rewards.
• If the reward is removed, the desire to learn
  ceases to exist.
• Intrinsic motivation leads to
• Higher creativity
• More satisfaction/positive association
• Better performance
• Heightened curiosity/enjoyment
• Longer engagement

25
Emotion
26
Definition of Emotion

• Emotion a state of the body that causes feelings
• Emotions can be used for protection (fear, anger)
• Emotions are used for expression
• How many emotions are there? Who knows!
• In your groups, name as many emotions as you
  can

27
Cognition and Emotion

• Emotions can be controlled by thought
• Lab experiment with people who are told to expect
  different things
• Individual reactions to disaster or traumatic
  events
• Sometimes situations trigger emotion
• Traffic when we are in a hurry
• Tests

28
Physical Factors Hypothalamus

• Controls needs, emotions, and desires (fear,
  pain, hunger, thirst, sex drive)
• Stimulation produces emotion/desire
• Damage inhibits control
• (like in this rat )

29
Physical Factors Amygdala

• Creates emotion and fear
• Damage destroys ability to feel or recognize fear
  or aggression

30
Emotion and Facial Expression

• People in all parts of the world use the same
  facial expressions to show similar emotions
• What emotions are expressed below

31
What emotions are shown here?
32

• What emotions? What similarities do you
  see between animals and people?

33
Operant Processing Theory

• The presence of one emotion will trigger its
  opposite
• After excitement or joy, you will feel depression
  
• post-partum depression after a baby
• When a much anticipated vacation ends
• After fear or stress, you will feel relief
• After a major exam is over
• After leaving a scary movie

34
Stages of Grief

• Five stages that people experience when
• Confronted with tragedy or death of family member
• Dealing with grief
• Diagnosed with terminal illness
• Not always in order
• Sometimes stages are skipped
• Most people experience 2 or more

35
Stages of Grief

• Denial "This can't be real - This is not
  happening to me - There must be a mistake"
• Anger "Why me? - "How dare you do this to me?!"
  (either referring to God, the deceased, or
  oneself)
• Bargaining "If I do this, youll do that" ("Just
  let me live to see my son graduate.)
• Depression "I can't bear to face going through
  this
• Acceptance "This is going to happen - "I'm
  ready, I don't want to struggle anymore."

36
(No Transcript)
37
Physical Factors Responses

• Hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland that we
  are mad, scared, excited
• Pituitary gland signals adrenal gland
• Adrenal gland releases adrenaline
• Adrenaline speeds up our heart, breathing, and
  causes us to sweat
• Hypothalamus pituitary
  adrenal gland adrenaline release
  heart/breathing/sweating
• This is why we get this way when faced with an
  emergency

38
Physical Factors Sex drive

• Created by male hormones, called androgens
• Androgens are found in men and women (but more
  so in men)
• The amount of sex hormones present determine
  gender in a developing embryo
• More androgen will produce a male
• More estrogen will produce a female
• A slight error will produce baby with both sets
  of organs