Dealing with violence in peace processes

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Managing Violence in Peace Processes
Marcel M. Baumann
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• ToolboxState of the Art ? post-conflict
  peacebuilding conflict transformation
• Voluntary apartheid Holy cross dispute
• Thick description, Anthropology of violence ?
  understanding, lenses (Howard Zehr)
• Intervention

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Peace - War

• No agreement on what is the normal and what is
  the abnormal situation different types of war
  different types cancer
• Causes of war ? What are the causes of peace?
  (normative judgment Erkenntnisinteresse)
• positive peace negative peace fragile peace,
  imperfect peace, permanent peace
• Peace dynamic social construct a process
  rather than an event
• Demimonde world beyond war and permanent
  peace

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Mediation

• Role of third partiesIf you have them by their
  balls, their hearts and minds will follow
  (Kissinger)?
• middle-class do-gooders?
• success vs. failure?
• Mediation itself is a learning process ? Peace
  committees in South Africa
• Facilitation/ Community development

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Voluntary Apartheid

• Sectarianism
• Skeptical common sense (Frank Wright)
• Segregation and the role territory
• Collective traumata Bloody Sunday, Sharpeville
• Egoism of victimization (Mack)
• History Memory Storytellingconcept of
  telling (Frank Burton)relationship between
  revenge, violence and memory (Feldman)
• Ethnic mobilization constructivist analysis
  (Berger/ Luckmann) ethnic entrepreneurs

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Holy cross dispute
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This is Alabama!

• I have gone from being a normal mother, to living
  in fear for my children's life, I have had to
  leave my home. I bring my child to school every
  day with guns and cameras pointed at us.
• Forget all the other arguments. Forget the
  excuses. What we are dealing with here is young
  primary school kids who are not allowed to go to
  school because they are Catholics.

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Typical Catholic victimhood

• Those protestors know exactly how this is being
  shown around the world and are yet prepared to
  besmirch their name in order to be heard. I
  think people are saying Will someone please
  hear us, will someone please understand that it
  is not about children, it is about us as a small
  enclave being terrorised all day all night.
• I want Sinn Fein to get real to recognise that
  there are people in their community who come up
  here and give people sectarian abuse and people
  are not prepared to stand for it any longer.

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• Sectarianism in North Belfast Peter Shirlow
• vibrant optimism negative fatalism
• 13 suicides in 6 weeks
• Attack on a flag Shankill bomb (Shean Kelly)
• The role of territory demographic changes vs.
  ethnic cleansing
• Attempts at resolving the disputeFirst and
  Deputy First MinisterNorthern Ireland
  OfficeMediation Northern IrelandSue and Steve
  William arbitration

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Anthropology of violence

• Terrorism
• Vigilantism
• Recreational violence
• Spoiler violence (Stedman)

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Terrorism

• . . . the very fact that historians are at
  least beginning to make some progress in the
  study and analysis of nations and nationalism
  suggests that, as so often, the phenomenon is
  past its peak. The owl of Minerva which brings
  wisdom, said Hegel, flies out at dusk. It is a
  good sign that it is now circling round nations
  and nationalism. (Eric Hobsbawm, 1990)

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• Osama bin Laden and his followers are no
  different from those who planned and carried out
  Omagh, Warrenpoint, Hyde Park, Enniskillen or
  countless other atrocities during some 30 years
  of terrorism in Ulster . David Trimble/ Ian
  Duncan-Smith 21 November 2001

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Vigilantism

• The Nicaragua model Inkatha/ Inkatha Freedom
  Party (IFP)Loyalist Volunteer Force
  (LVF)Stakeknife
• The role of Hamas Fatah movement
• Collusion across the board
• The devil you do know and the devil you dont?

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Vigilantism punishment beatings

• Durkheim anomy
• security dilemma ? who guarantees security?
• comparative phenomenon rising crime during
  transition processes
• Direct Action Against Drugs (DAAD)
• People Acting Against Gangsterism and Drugs
  (Pagad)

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No, no the people were going to the IRA and the
IRA found themselves in a reluctant position of
having to deal with these problems because there
was no acceptable policing force here to deal
with it. (IRA) We havent got a police force
in Northern Ireland, that is changing, the police
dont police, the police are by and large a
military organisation. (UVF) I won't blame
people for taking the law into their own hands.
You know those people of the kangaroo courts
should be paid. Those people are helpful. The
kangaroo courts help. If the police say these
people should stand back where as they the police
fail. These people are helpful. (Cape Town,
local resident) Dunmurry resident He fg
deserved it!
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Recreational violence

• Increasing number of young people boredom,
  senselessness, hopelessness
• Less sectarian violence, more recreational
  violence
• Erik Erikson adolescence
• Anti-social behavior joyriding
• proxy war
• South Africa beyond recreational
• Peter Lock inter-generational apartheid lost
  generation

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Spoiler violence (Stedman)

• Violence is understood as a negative impact on
  peace processes
• Crucial variable international actors as
  guarantees, for example UN missions
• What happens to a conflict if the international
  actors have left?
• success partial success - failure

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• Spoiler notion deliberateness, agency
• Overestimation role of international actors (UN)
• Simplification violence can also have positive
  impacts on peace processesBisho vs.
  BoipatengEnniskillen vs. Omagh

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• Apter mytho-logics of violence ? narrative
  reconstruction of violence ? legitimization
• Juergensmeyer performance violence link
  between masculine sexuality and violence (also
  George Lakey)
• Frank Wright communal deterrence ? policing
  of territorial boundaries the control of
  violence
• Feldman Linkage of identity and violence ?
  Violence becomes the means to maintain and defend
  an identity. Counter-attacks were viewed in the
  same sense as defence, and so were the reactive
  retaliation practices, which became an essential
  argument in rationalising acts of violence.

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• Loyalist paramilitaries to terrorise the
  terrorists
• joined it somewhere back in the 70's because of
  things that happened. I perceived that we were
  getting pushed back into the sea again.
• Another boy in the hospital to go to. But what
  justifies all this killing? That's why our side.
  We went on the defensive. We took it to them. Do
  you understand what I'm saying? They were giving
  it to us, so we decided we'll take it to them.
• There was no way back. Everything was escalating
  at that stage then and then you had the counter
  then . . . the Protestant community. . . the
  Protestant paramilitaries were counter-attacking
  on the attacks the IRA were doing and Republican
  splinter groups.
• I became a killer to kill killers (Michael
  Stone)

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• Republicans (IRA)
• It was unavoidable to become involved in the
  conflict because of the conditions which the
  nationalists were living in.
• As I was growing up I was experiencing what it
  was like to live as a nationalist in the north
  but I also was from what history I knew, right,
  not the history you learnt at school, but like
  what your community passes on to you and you know
  all of these things that have happened to the
  community in the past and sort of the position
  you're in.

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The role of September 11

• Clandestine character ? role of ideology has
  become less relevant for international terrorism,
  but more relevant for domestic armed groups
  strategic switch on two different levels
• Havoc wars versus progressive struggles?

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• Policing
• No, no the people were going to the IRA and the
  IRA found themselves in a reluctant position of
  having to deal with these problems because there
  was no acceptable policing force here to deal
  with it. (IRA).
• We havent got a police force in Northern
  Ireland, that is changing, the police dont
  police, the police are by and large a military
  organisation (UVF).
• I won't blame people for taking the law into
  their own hands. You know those people of the
  kangaroo courts should be paid. Those people
  are helpful. The kangaroo courts help. If the
  police say these people should stand back where
  as they the police fail? These people are
  helpful. (Cape Town, local resident)
• Dunmurry resident He fg deserved it!

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Intervention

• Institutional capacity-buildingBuilding up a
  peace inventoryPeace committees (national,
  regional, local) Network of leaders
• Impression Management Monitoring, Early
  warning, rumor control, prevention (provention)?
  Parades, funerals

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• Exploration
• Assessment
• Case-Development
• Delivery/ offer vs. offered
• Appraisal/ Evaluation
• Consolidation
• Community Development

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• Question of political leadership If two
  elephants make love, its the grass that suffers
• Relevance of middle-range leadership (Lederach) ?
  business community
• Role of ex-combatants Been there. Done it.
  Bought the t-shirt. Don't advocate anybody else
  does.

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• Community relations/ peace industry
• Police force vs. Police service ? Restorative
  Justice
• Nonviolent PeaceforceNonviolence sometimes
  works and always works, while violence
  sometimes works, but never works.(Michael
  Nagler)

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The only thing, I can imagine, that is more
painful than self-analysis is child-birth. When
you are confronted with circumstances that you
have to give thought to, and you consider, as I
did, that part of the thought process that I
previously had was one of utter, shameful
simplicity. Now, why is it that we hate people we
don't know? How is it that we can live with
ghosts and myths and shibboleths whilst having no
credibility whatsoever or foundation to our
touchstones of what passes for political policy
or political philosophy? Of course, is that a
political philosophy at all? (David Ervine)