GLOBAL WATER CURRENTS

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GLOBAL WATER CURRENTS

• 8TH GRADE SCIENCE
• ESS. 8.8.2

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THE GULF STREAM

• For as many years as ships have sailed, sailors
  have used surface currents to help them travel
  quickly.
• During the american colonial era, ships floated
  on the 100 km wide gulf stream to go quickly from
  north america to england.

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Ocean surface currents

• An ocean current is like a river within the
  ocean. It moves masses of water from place to
  place.
• Surface currents distribute heat from equatorial
  regions to other areas of earth.
• Waters flowing away from the equator transfer
  heat to the atmosphere, which can influence
  climate.

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Ocean surface currents

• Surface ocean currents, like surface winds, are
  influenced by the coriolis effect.
• The coriolis effect deflects currents north of
  the equator, such as the gulf stream, to the
  right.
• Currents south of the equator are deflected to
  the left.

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Ocean surface currents

• On a world ocean current map, you will see that
  currents on the western coasts of continents are
  usually cold, whereas currents on eastern coasts
  are warm. Warm currents on eastern coasts
  originate near the equator.

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vocabulary

• 1. coriolis effect the effect of earths
  rotation (spin) on the movement of air and water
  masses. It changes the direction of air and water
  flow.
• 2. Gulf stream an ocean current that flows out
  of the gulf of mexico, northward along the east
  coast of the u. s. and then towards europe.

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vocabulary

• 3. surface currents ocean currents powered by
  wind that move water horizontally, parallel to
  earths surface.
• 4. Climate the pattern of weather in a
  particular area over a period of many years.

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DIFFERENT LANDFORMS FOUND ON EARTH

• 8TH GRADE SCIENCE
• ESS.8.8.3

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MOUNTAINS

• There are 4 types of mountains.
• FOLDED
• UPWARPED
• FAULT-BLOCK
• VOLCANIC

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FOLDED MOUNTAINS

• Tremendous forces inside Earth force rock layers
  together. COMPRESSION is the force that squeezes
  rock layers together from opposite sides.
• When rock layers are squeezed from opposite
  sides, they buckle and fold into FOLDED
  MOUNTAINS.
• Technically, there are no mountains in Arkansas,
  but the hills in The Hot Springs area are
  folded.
• The Appalachian mountains are folded mountains.

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FOLDED MOUNTAINS
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UPWARPED MOUNTAINS

• The southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New
  Mexico, the Black Hills in South Dakota, and the
  Adirondak mountains in New York are UPWARPED
  MOUNTAINS.

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UPWARPED MOUNTAINS

• These mountains were formed when crust was pushed
  up by forces inside Earth.
• Over time, the weaker sedimentary rock on top
  eroded, leaving behind the tougher igneous and
  metamorphic rock underneath.
• These igneous and metamorphic rocks then eroded
  to form sharp peaks and ridges.

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FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAINS

• The Grand Tetons of Wyoming and the Sierra Nevada
  mountains in California formed in a different
  way.
• FAULT-BLOCK mountains are made of huge tilted
  blocks of rocks that are separated from
  surrounding rocks by faults.
• A FAULT is a large crack in rocks along which
  there is movement.

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FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAINS

• When these mountains formed, one block was tilted
  and pushed up. The other block was pushed down.
• Sharp, jagged peaks are characteristic of
  Fault-Block mountains.

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VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS

• Mount St. Helens in Washington and Mauna Loa in
  Hawaii are 2 of many volcanic mountains in the U.
  S.
• Volcanic mountains form when molten material
  reaches the surface through a weak area of the
  crust.
• The materials pile up, one layer on top of
  another, until a cone-shaped structure forms.

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VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS

• There are 2 types of volcanic eruptions, which
  will determine how a volcanic mountain looks.
• QUIET ERUPTION Caused by thin, runny lava
  called BASALTIC lava. The lava does not clog up
  the opening of the volcano and runs out forming a
  broad, domelike volcano called a SHIELD volcano.
  The Hawaiian islands were formed by quiet
  eruptions at HOT SPOTS.

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MAUNA LOA - HAWAII
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VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS

• The other type of eruption is an EXPLOSIVE
  eruption.
• An explosive eruption deals with thick, pasty
  GRANITIC magma.
• The magma clogs up the volcanos opening, or
  vent, and pressure builds up inside the volcano
  until it explodes. These types of eruptions form
  huge mountains with fairly steep slopes, or small
  steep sided volcanoes called CINDER CONES. Mount
  St. Helens is a COMPOSITE volcano, made up of
  alternating quiet and explosive eruptions.

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MOUNT ST. HELENS
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PLATEAUS

• PLATEAUS are relatively flat, raised areas of
  land.
• They are areas made up of nearly horizontal rocks
  that have been uplifted by forces within Earth.
• An example of a plateau in the U. S. is the
  Colorado Plateau. The Colorado river has cut
  deeply into the rock layers of the plateau,
  forming the Grand Canyon.

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COLORADO PLATEAU
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BUTTE PLATEAU
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OZARK PLATEAU
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BUFFALO RIVER
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BUFFALO RIVER
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REVIEW

• 1. THE BUFFALO NATIONAL RIVER IS LOCATED IN WHAT
  PLATEAU?
• OZARK
• 2. TYPE OF MOUNTAIN FORMED BY ERUPTIONS?
• VOLCANIC
• 3. THE TYPE OF FORCES THAT PUSH TOWARD EACHOTHER?
• COMPRESSION
• 4. THE TYPE OF FORCES THAT PULL AWAY FROM
  EACHOTHER?
• TENSION

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REVIEW

• 5. TYPE OF MOUNTAIN FORMED WHEN FORCES INSIDE
  EARTH LIFTS UP AN AREA OF LAND?
• UPWARPED
• 6. TYPE OF MOUNTAIN FORMED BY FAULTING?
• FAULT-BLOCK
• 7. TYPE OF MOUNTAIN FORMED BY COMPRESSION FORCES
  IN THE EARTH?
• FOLDED
• 8. THE BLACK HILLS IN SOUTH DAKOTA ARE WHAT TYPE
  OF MOUNTAINS?
• UPWARPED.

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REVIEW

• 9. THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS ARE WHAT TYPE?
• FOLDED
• 10. MOUNT ST. HELENS AND MAUNA LOA ARE WHAT TYPE
  OF MOUNTAINS?
• VOLCANIC
• 11. THE GRAND TETONS ARE WHAT TYPE OF MOUNTAINS?
• FAULT BLOCK
• 12. THESE ARE RELATIVELY FLAT, RAISED AREAS OF
  LAND?
• PLATEAUS

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REVIEW

• 13. WHERE IS THE OZARK PLATEAU LOCATED?
• NORTH ARKANSAS/SOUTHERN MISSOURI
• 14. THE COLORADO RIVER HAS CUT DEEPLY INTO THE
  COLORADO PLATEAU FORMING THE ?
• GRAND CANYON
• 15. BASALTIC MAGMA IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHAT TYPE
  OF VOLANIC ERUPTION?
• QUIET
• 16. WHAT TYPE OF MAGMA IS ASSOCIATED WITH
  EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS?
• GRANITIC