Minerals and Vitamins

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Minerals and Vitamins Galen Erickson
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Calcium and Phosphorus
Chapter 5, 96 NRC pp 54-74 Brief
metabolism Importance CaP ratios Requirements,
sources
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Performance-Ca (UNL)
Calcium DMI ADG FG Trial 1 .35 18.5 3.15 5.93
.70 17.9 3.12 5.79 change -3.4 -.95 -2.36 Tri
al 2 .35 15.3 2.22 7.11 .70 15.8 2.33 6.88
change 2.87 4.95 -3.23 Trial 3 .35 19.0 2.51 7.59
.70 18.8 2.55 7.38 change -1.16 1.59 -2.77
AVG of 5 trials (12 at Ibarn, 3,4,5 at
feedlot) change -.69 1.4 -2.6
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Performance-Ca
.35 .70 SE Plt DMI (lbs) 24.4 23.9 .46 N
S ADG (lbs/d) 3.88 3.50 .13 .04 G/F
(ADG/DMI) .159 .145 .004 .02 FE 6.29 6.90
n30, limestone as only supplemental Ca source
DMI (-2.1) ADG (-10.9) FG (8.8)
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Faulty paradigms

• CaP ratio in bone (2.11) requirement of diet
• P requirement .35
• young calves require same as typical feedlot
  cattle
• Phytate P is unavailable to feedlot cattle
• SUM ALL THEM, OVERFEEDING P

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CaP ratios
Wise et al. (1963, J Nutr.) Ca,
.27 .27 .27 .81 .81 .81 2.43 2.43 2.43 P,
.17 .34 .68 .17 .34 .68 .17 .34 .68 CaP
1.6 .8 .44 4.8 2.4 1.2 14.3 7.2 3.6 ADG .67 .50
.28 .71 .69 .63 .49 .66 .50 DMI 3.6 3.4 2.7 3.4 3.
5 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.4 FG 5.6 6.7 14.6 4.8 5.1 5.9 6.5
5.5 6.9 Conclusion Stay between 1.51 and 71
agrees with Ricketts et al., 1970 Problems with
high Ca and high P? OPTIMUM 21 to 41
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Phosphorus Nutrition

• NRC cites Ellenberger, 1950
• Reasons for overfeeding
• extremely important metabolic nutrient
• monogastrics cant utilize phytate
• previous work with small calves(lt 500lbs)
• hard to measure, 80 of stores in bone

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Phosphorus Nutrition
M.B. Coehlo, BASF
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Metabolism
Tremendous stores of Ca P Creates challenges
for us, good for animal Hormonal control of
stores, sensitivity from circulating
concentrations, PTH, calcitonin, and vit.
D Absorption (digestibility) is relatively
low NRC 50 for Ca AFRC 68 for Ca 68 for
P 64 or 70 for P Functions of P
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Prehistoric research-P

• 96 NRC references Ellenberger, 1950 for P
  requirement
• of gain as 3.9 g P / 100 g protein gain
• NRC references various authors
  (58,59,88,89) for P
• maintenance requirement as 16 mg P / kg BW
• Both assume 68 true absorption
• Cromwell (JAS 95,2000 95,449 94,2653) with
  valid
• assumption that total ash is proportional to
  bone P due to non-discrimation during resorption
• Estimate requirement .20 with this type of
  animal
• (dependent on BW, age, and intake)

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P requirements
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ex. ADG
x
x
x
P intake
NRC predicts requirements from .22 to .32 of
diet DM
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(No Transcript)
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P requirements
Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI
NRC recommendation
Erickson et al., 1999 J. Anim. Sci.
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P requirements
Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI
NRC recommendation
Industry average
Erickson et al., 2002 J. Anim. Sci.
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P require bone data

• Cromwell (JAS 95,2000 95,449 94,2653) with
  valid assumption that total ash is proportional
  to bone P due to non-discrimation during
  resorption

Erickson et al., 1999 and 2002 J. Anim. Sci.
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P require-calves
34.1
24.3
17.9
g/d
11.6
9.7
P (DM basis)
Erickson et al., 2001 Midwest abstract
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Plasma
Erickson et al., 2002 J. Anim. Sci.
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Performance
Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI
Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report
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P requirements
Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report
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P requirements
Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report
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Dietary P examples
.59
.52
.35
.27
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Dietary P examples
.59
.52
.35
.27
NRC
Our data
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Conclusions

• Recommended levels
• .5 to .7 Ca
• no supplemental P if diet gt.25
• if byproducts, the diet range will be .25 to .5
  
• CaP ratios between 1.251 and 31
• Need supplemental Ca (limestone)
• P should never be supplemented
• based on work here Call et al., 1978 Burroughs
  et al., 1956 Long et al., 1956 Ellenberger et
  al., 1950 and 1996 NRC

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P conclusions

• Does the requirement matter?
• NRC requirement is high
• Industry is markedly overfeeding
• (relative to requirement)
• P should never be supplemented
• based on work here Call et al., 1978 Burroughs
  et al., 1956 Long et al., 1956 Ellenberger et
  al., 1950 and 1996 NRC
• What options are left?

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Approach

• Average diet (Galyean Gleghorn, 2001)
• AVG MIN MAX
• DMD 80 70 85
• OMD 83 73 88
• CP 13.3 12.5 14.0
• P 0.31 0.25 0.50
• Ca 0.70 0.60 0.90
• K 0.74 0.60 1.00
• S 0.19 0.10 0.34
• Na 0.14 0.10 0.20

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Macro minerals

• NRC requirements vs. corn amount
• NRC Corn Note
• Ca 0.35 (.6-.7) .02 add!
• P lt0.15 gt.25 never add!
• K 0.60 .44 (.06)
• Na 0.08 .10 (.05) salt?
• Mg 0.10 .12 (.03)
• S 0.15-0.40 .11 (.02) too much?
• Distillers very high in P, K, Na, and S

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Micro minerals

• NRC requirements vs. corn amount
• ppm NRC Corn Note
• Co .10 B12
• Cu 10 2.51 (1.98) add
• I .5 add
• Fe 50 54.5 (43.2) excesses?
• Mn 20 add
• Zn 30 24.2 (11.1) add
• Se .10 .14 (.12) add

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Vitamins

• Vitamin A 2,200 IU/kg DMI feedlot cattle
• 1000 IU/lb
• Vitamin D synthesized under normal conditions
• requirement 275 IU/kg of feed
• Vitamin E 25 IU/kg
• 10 IU/lb