MultiLevel Governance

1
Multi-Level Governance

• Distribution of Authority over actors vertically
  and horizontally
• Vertical Territorial distribution of Authority
  sub-national and supra-national
• Horizontal NGOs, Interests Groups
  Corporations etc.
• Originally the dispersion of authoritative
  decision-making across multiple territorial
  levels (Hooghe and Marks 2001 xi).

2
Competing Theories

• Europeanization deepening and broadening
  European integration and its effects on national
  political systems
• State-centrist approach
• Intergovernmentalists national governments did
  not loose authority and determine outcomes of
  policies
• Europeanization ? Multi-Level Governance?
• Europeanization ? Transfer of authority from
  national government to sub-national governments?

3
Some concepts

• Federalism
• Ideology but federation central government
  incorporates regional units into its decision
  procedure on some constitutionally entrenched
  basis (King 1984 77)
• Regionalism
• Institutionally between unitary and federal
  system
• Decentralisation
• Process transfer of authority from higher
  government levels to lower government levels
• Institutionalized comparatively speaking, lower
  governmental levels are more authoritative
  vis-à-vis higher governmental levels
• Devolution
• Same as decentralisation but instead transfer of
  authority to a newly established governmental
  tier
• Deconcentration
• No authority (decision-making) is being
  transferred but only the actual provision is
  delegated to sub-national field offices

4
Federative arrangementsEvolving complexity in
sub-national and supra-national governmental
relationships
Adapted from Elazar 1991 xvi and 398
5
Evolving complexity in sub-national authority
arrangements

• Some examples from simple to complex federative
  arrangements (power sharing)
• Austria, Denmark, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia
  and Herzegovina
• Asymmetry units of the same governmental tier
  equal powers but except for .
• Belgium, Spain

6
Central government
Power sharing
Lander
Austria
Individual
7
Central government
Power sharing
Power sharing
Greenland
Faroer Islands
Amter
Individual
Individual
Individual
Denmark
8
Central government
Power sharing
Serbia
Montenegro
Power sharing
Okruzi
Kosovo
Vojvodina
Individual
Serbia Montenegro
Individual
Individual
Individual
9
Central government
Power sharing
Federacija Bosne
Republika Sprska
Power sharing
Canton 1
Canton 2
Canton 10
Power sharing
Individual
Individual
Brcko district
Bosnia Herzegovina
Individual
10
Asymmetry in Belgium

• 3 Regios / Regions
• Brussels Flanders Walloon
• Authority over transport, planning and economical
  policies
• 3 Gemeenschappen / Communities
• Flemish French German
• Authority over cultural, language and educational
  policies
• Asymmetry
• German community has no own regional government
• German community has some policies which are
  otherwise under a regional government
• Flemish community and region are institutionally
  merged

11
Asymmetry in Spain

• Over Time fast track versus slow track
  autonomas comunidades
• Fast track regions quicker more autonomy
• Cross-sectional historical versus normal
  autonomas comunidades
• Basque country and Navarre have more tax
  authority
• Historical regions have authority over more
  policies such as labour market policies, health,
  and education

12
Increasing complexity needs more sophisticated
measurement
13
Regional Authority Index 0 30
Self-rule 0 20
Shared-rule 0 10
Self-rule
Tax autonomy 0 8

Institutional depth 0 4
Policy scope 0 4
Representation 0 4
Shared-rule
Constitutional change 0 4
Executive policy 0 2
Taxation 0 2
Legislation 0 2
14
Development of Regional Authority in 42
Democracies for 1950-2006
15
Hypotheses for increasing Regional Authority

• Functional
• Population size larger countries need regional
  governments
• Growth government policy portfolio, especially
  welfare state policies
• Identity
• Ethnic groups require decentralised policy
  provision
• Regional parties with a specific autonomy demand
• Democracy
• More self-rule demand inherent with
  democratization
• Openness system give input for heterogeneous
  demands
• European integration
• Mobilizes sub-national governments (via
  subsidies) and the national government is bypassed

16
Functional Relationship between Regional
Authority and Population Size
17
Functional Relationship between Regional
Authority and Government Personnel
18
Identity Relationship between Regional Party
Strength and Population Size in
West and
East
19
Democracy Relationship between Regional
Authority and the Longevity of the Democratic
Regime
20
EU integration Relationship between Regional
Authority and the number of years being member of
the European Union
21
Multi-Variate Regression AnalysisN 1583 (42
countries) R2adj. 0.63
p lt 0.01 n.s. not significant
22
Multi-Variate Regression Analysis Interpretation
P.s. This analysis is nonsense as I did not
correct for autocorrelation (time dependency due
to time series) and I did not correct for
heteroscedacity (accounting for country
differences). In real scientific life I use
PCSE.